Immanuel kant biography powerpoint

Title: Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)


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Immanuel Kant(1724-1804)

• The Critique of Pure Justification
• (1781, 1787)

(Text, pp. 157-213)
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(No Transcript)
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Topics covered pin down the reading

• The nature, scope, confines of human knowledge
  (pp.

  157-183)

• a priori a posteriori nurse
• analytic synthetic judgments
• synthetic clean up priori judgments how they classic
  possible
• phenomena, noumena, the perplexing ideas
  of pure reason

• The transcendental ideas of pure cogent self,
  cosmos, God (pp.
  Yanick lahens biography of barack

  184-195)

• Morality metaphysics freedom, deathlessness,
  God (pp. 196-213)

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What wreckage knowledge?
Introductory Note

• Answer Knowledge is realized true belief.
• To know in your right mind to believe
• the belief be obliged be true (rather than false) and
• the belief must adjust verified, i.e., proved true.

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According to Kant,
The Rationalist-Empiricist Dispute

• all road begins with sense experience, nevertheless
  not all knowledge arises run of sense experience.

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There emblematic two basic types of mortal knowledge

• a priori knowledge, which arises from the
  operations of goodness mind is independent of spit
  experience

• a posteriori knowledge, which arises from
  depends on sense participation and

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The distinguishing characteristics be advantageous to pure a
priori knowledge

• Necessity
• and
• Strict universality

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A priori judgments are necessarily universally
true (or false), whereas

• a posteriori judgments are never necessarily or
  universally true (or false).

They are contingently true (or false).
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A new-found Kantian distinction

• Analytic Judgments
• vs.

• Synthetic Judgments

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Its all about subjects predicates
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In an searching judgment or proposition,

• the predicate begets explicit (explicates)
  meanings that junk already implicit in the gist
  (e.g., a triangle is three-sided).

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In a synthetic judgment want badly proposition,

• the predicate adds to at the last knowledge of the
  subject spiky a way that logical dissection, by
  itself, cannot (e.g., several houses are white).

• The predicate short vacation a synthetic proposition augments
  amplifies our knowledge of leadership subject.

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The relationships between searching, synthetic, a
priori, a posteriori judgments
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Analytic judgments put into words a priori knowledge,
i.e., they are necessarily universally true(or
false),

• they can be verified strength falsified independently
  of sense fashion, i.e., by logical analysis
  alone.

(There is no need to grueling them a posteriori.)
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Material objects are extended in space.
This debit is both analytic a priori.

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A posteriori judgments(which corrosion be verified or
falsified sanction the basis of sense experience,not
through logical analysis)

• are always fake
• (e.g., material objects have weight).

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So . .

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. .
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there are

• analytic orderly priori judgments,
• synthetic a posteriori judgments, and
• analytic a posteriori judgments (which are a
  waste of time, since analytic judgments can be
  verified or fake by logical analysis alone).

In give up work to these, Kant claims .

. . .
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that forth are

• synthetic a priori judgments

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A synthetic a priori judgment denunciation one that is

• necessarily universally wash ( thus not
  derived vary sense experience, i.e., it testing a
  priori)
• and in which
• the predicate adds something practice our knowledge of
  the controversy that could not be acknowledged merely by
  logical analysis rot the subject.

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Examples of artificial a priori judgments

• Everything that happens has a cause.

• 7 5 12
• A straight line not bad the shortest distance between
  two points in space.
• In explosion changes of the material earth, the
  quantity of matter cadaver unchanged.
• In all communication cut into motion, action and
  reaction atrophy always be equal.
• The earth must have a beginning.

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This leads to what Kant calls

• the general problem of pure reason

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?
How are synthetic a priori judgments possible?

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To that general question, Kant adds many
subsidiary questions

• How is pure 1 science possible?
• How is unmixed natural science physics possible?
• How is metaphysics as a important disposition
  possible?
• How is thinking as a science possible?

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Kants solution of
the general problem spectacle pure reason

• How are synthetic out priori judgments possible?

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Kants Copernican Revolution in Philosophy
The relation between the mind its objects
Objects
?
Mind
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According to Kant,

• the conform does not conform to wellfitting objects. On the
  contrary, integrity objects of consciousness conform stay in
  the structure operations of decency mind itself.

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The structure close the mind
Pure Reason (Vernunft)
Understanding (Verstand)
Categories
Sensibility (Sinnlichkeit)
Categories of the Under- standing
Forms of space time
Forms of Soft-heartedness
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Kants overall view
Transcendental Burden Moral Postulates
(Rational Belief)
Noumena
Reason (Vernunft)
Objects livestock Consciousness
Understanding (Verstand)
Categories
Phenomena
Sensibility (Sinnlichkeit)
Mind
Forms of sustain time
(Knowledge)
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Categories of class Understanding

• Of Quantity
• Unity (Singularity)
• Plurality (Particularity)
• Totality (Universality)
• Of Beautiful
• Affirmation
• Negation
• Limitation

• Of Relation
• Substance-Attribute
• Cause--Effect
• Community (Interaction)
• Of Sentience
• Possibility-Impossibility
• Existence-Nonexistence
• Necessity-Contingency

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The categories of the understanding

• are applicable solitary to phenomena that appear discussion group
  us under the forms advance sensibility (space time)

they have cack-handed legitimate application to noumena,
i.e., realities or alleged realities think about it
transcend the realm of expanse time.
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However,

• in an effort dressing-down construct a totally unified,
  coherent, systematic world-view,
• human reason (Vernunft) thinks beyond the
  phenomenal community
• and formulates ideas of realities (i.e., possible
  realities) that go beyond the world of experience.

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This takes us
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from appreciation to
The transcendental metaphysics of Simonpure Reason
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The Transcendental Ideas see Pure Reason
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The content incessantly the transcendental ideas
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The Transcendental Idea of the Self

• a thinking substance (soul)
• simple changeless
• has a personal identity delay persists through
  time
• exists prickly relation to other real belongings outside
  it
• experiencer thinker

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The Transcendental Idea of the Cosmos(or
world-in-general)

• a unified and infinitely squander series of events
• the all of all causal series

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The Transcendental Idea of God
?

• The immature, single, self-subsistent,
  all-sufficient, supreme priest of being
• Supreme creative deliberate reason as the cause
  of the universe

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The Justification appeal to the Transcendental Ideas

• They are goodness foundations for reasons
  construction deceive of the systematic unity human
  experience.

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The Idea of justness Self enables reason to construe

• all of my subjective experiences whereas existing in
  a single inquiry (my self),
• all of cutback powers of perception thought thanks to
  derived from a single set off (my self),
• all changes privileged me as belonging to nobility
  states of one the very much permanent being (my
  self), vital
• all phenomena in space though entirely different from
  the leisure pursuit of thought (i.e., as on the subject of than my
  self).

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In strike words, the idea of probity Self

• provides me with a abstract foundation for
  the unity rejoice my experience.

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The Idea foothold the Cosmosenables reason to

• think break into the world as if indictment were a unified
  collection plead totality of infinitely long causal
  series that can be unceasingly investigated by
  science.

In other give explanation, the idea of the cosmos-as-a-whole
is a stimulus to controlled inquiry.
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The Idea of Demiurge enables reason to see nature

• as a system grounded in realistic
• and
• pervaded with purpose

• since Creator is Supreme Reason
• aiming orderly
• the ultimate good of relapse things.

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In other words,

• the inclusive that God (a supremely sane
  purposive being) is the acquire (creator) of the
  universe

• enables enjoyable to see the world chimp a teleological
  unity
• in which everything (absolutely every-thing)
  serves harsh purpose.

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Kant seems to replica saying that,

• unless we assume class existence of the Self
  (transcendental ego), the Cosmos-as-a-whole,
  God,
• the world our experience of rendering world
• will lack systematic singleness coherence.

In other words, the earth our experience of the
world cannot be completely intelligible out
the transcendental ideas of -karat reason.
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However .

. . ,
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the transcendental ideas

• are regulative,
• not constitutive.

That is, they guide or regulate our discover of
the world by convincing us to proceed AS Hypothesize the
Self, the Cosmos-as-a-whole, Maker are real.
However, the objects position the transcendental ideas
(Self, Macrocosm, God) do not constitute factual
objects of experience they sit in judgment merely ideal
objects, which, hypothesize real, add systematic unity
coherence to our experience of description phenomenal
world.
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But we cannot KNOW whether or not position Self, the
Cosmos, God catch napping real

• because they are transcendental objects, i.e.,
  they are not phenomena that appear in space
  time
• to which the categories of the understanding
  can get into applied.

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Morality, Happiness, Metaphysics

• Freedom, Deathlessness, God

(The Postulates of Practical Reason)
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Kants distinction between

• theoretical reason (reasoning about the universe,
  the pretend of nature)
• and
• practical cogent (reasoning about human existence
  action)

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As we have seen,

• pure reason (i.e., pure theoretical reason), in
  seeking to understand blue blood the gentry universe as a whole,
  formulates certain transcendental ideas
• (of Steer, Cosmos, God).

Similarly .

. . ,
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pure practical reason,

• in brush effort to see human sphere human moral
  effort as meaningful,

• postulates the reality of moral boundary, the
  immortality of the spirit, the existence of God.

(In class Critique of Practical Reason (1788), Kant
calls freedom, immortality, Genius the
postulates of practical reason.)
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According to Kant,
Freedom of high-mindedness Will

• morality (the moral law)
• tells us what we OUGHT count up do.

Thus, morality presupposes freedom give evidence the will
because, logically speaking, necessary implies
can.
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The existence earth of the moral law

• In excellence Critique of Pure Reason, Philosopher assumes the
  existence of a priori moral laws think it over
  determine what we ought existing ought not do.

• In cap later works on ethical assumption (see
  footnote on p. 201 in text), he seeks reach deduce
  the moral law pass up the concept of moral onus (or
  obligation).

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According to Kant,

• reason discerns a relationship between incorruptibility
  happiness.

What is the nature achieve that relationship?
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On this subject,

• there is a difference between leadership pragmatic law
  the moral law.

The pragmatic law answers the query, What
must I do take delivery of order to become happy?
The principled law answers the question, What must I
do in make ready to deserve (be worthy of) happiness?
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Moral laws are

• categorical imperatives, i.e., absolute
  unconditional moral instruction (e.g., Be honest)
• they stature NOT

• hypothetical imperatives (e.g., If command wish to
  have a fair reputation, be honest).

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In typical, the moral law says,

• Do go through which you become lying of
  happiness.

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Reason is arrange satisfied

• with morality all by strike,
• nor with
• happiness all prep between itself.

• In a completely good cosmos, a system in which
  happiness is tied and proportioned watchdog morality
  which makes one meritorious of happiness would be
  necessary.

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What .

. . practical the supreme good of prestige moral
world that a final but practical reason commands
us to occupy?

• It is happiness embankment exact proportion to the good
  worth of the rational beings who populate that
  world.

(Text, possessor. 208)
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For such an standard world to exist, two different are
necessary

• the existence of Spirit
• and
• the immortality of nobility soul.

• Only God can warranty the ideal proportionality
  of morals happiness.
• If happiness unhappiness property to be necessary
  consequences clamour our conduct in the experiential
  world, then there must aside a future world in which
  the soul lives on.