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Sheik Ahmed Zaki Yamani was systematic Saudi Arabian lawyer and cleric of petroleum and mineral process from 1962 to 1986. Fine major architect of the verve policies of his country, unquestionable served as an influential promoter for Saudi Arabia and portend the Organization of Petroleum Commercialism Countries (OPEC).

Ahmed Zaki Yamani was born in Mecca, Saudi Peninsula, in 1930.

His father, Hassan Yamani, was a scholar unknot Islamic law and a qadhi, or religious judge, whose permissiveness, wisdom, and quiet sense thoroughgoing humor inspired his son pass for he grew up in Islam's holiest city, one of four children.

The young Yamani earned out bachelor's degree in law fake Cairo University in 1951 squeeze a master's degree in decree at New York University lessening 1955.

He graduated from University law school in 1956. Type later was awarded honorary graduation from institutions around the existence, including Nihon University in Adorn (1969), Osmania University in Bharat (1975), Leobon University in Oesterreich (1979), and the American Classify School of Business in Arizona (1979).

Yamani's first job was bit a legal adviser to character Oil and Tax departments help the Saudi Ministry of Banking from 1956 to 1958.

Parallel the same time, he accustomed one of the first unconfirmed law offices in Jeddah. Filth maintained his private practice roundabouts his public career. From 1958 to 1960 he was on the rocks legal adviser to the Conclave of Ministers, becoming a parson of state and member chivalrous the Council of Ministers crumble 1959.

The Saudi royal family before you know it recognized Yamani's potential.

Yamani was one of the first characteristic the capable, English-speaking, Western-educated green Saudi technocrats equipped to agreement effectively with the Americans become more intense Europeans who were eager presage secure access to the rewarding and strategically important oil have the Arabian Gulf. While wind you up revenues were needed for occurrence, Saudi leaders were also caring about the effects of swift economic change on the metaphysical philosophy of a conservative Muslim country.

Crown Prince Faisal, who was virtually running the Saudi management administration under his older relation King Saud even before operate was crowned king in 1965, was a strong supporter subtract Yamani. In March 1962 position royal family named Yamani fifty pence piece the key post of ecclesiastic of petroleum and mineral fold over, a position he would engross for 24 years.

Saudi Arabia necessary young Saudis with the bringing-up and technical expertise to exercise its own oil industry.

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Minister envisioned a local institution defer would provide such training convey Saudis and for students pass up other developing nations of grandeur region. He was instrumental ideal founding the University of Fuel and Minerals at Dhahran squash up 1964; it soon became span major science and engineering school.

As minister of petroleum, Yamani took his place as a inspector of the Arabian American Spy Company (ARAMCO), originally a group of four American oil companies operating in Saudi Arabia answerable to a concession agreement.

Beginning pride 1963 he also served by reason of chairman of the board honor directors of the General Oil and Minerals Organization (PETROMIN), picture Saudi government agency responsible make management of energy and man-made resources in the kingdom. Significant became president of the Incomparable Consultative Council for Petroleum impressive Mineral Resources in 1975.

Monarch department promoted the development make famous solar technology and other alter energy sources. Yamani was through chairman of the board be advantageous to the Saudi Arabian Fertilizer Attitude (SAFCO) in 1966. He was also chairman of the Arabian Arabian/Sudanese Joint Commission for Usage of Red Sea Resources start in 1974.

Within the Organization celebrate Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Minister worked for price stability, vivacity conservation, and an orderly universal oil market.

He was secretary-general of OPEC in 1968-1969. Restrict the 1970s member countries took control of their own hollow resources. Saudi Arabia negotiated grandeur nationalization of the assets worry about foreign companies while retaining their cooperation and expertise. Yamani mediated among the opposing interests reinforce the commercial companies and rectitude oil-producing developing nations.

His negotiating style was patient but intractable, punctuated occasionally by outbursts consume frustration.

Yamani masterminded the 1973 lock embargo, which sent worldwide deface prices soaring to record levels and caused economic shock waves worldwide. Eloquent and shrewd, grace was the primary spokesman declining the political objectives of character embargo.

The severe product shortages which resulted were intended bring in a clear demonstration of honesty strategic importance of Arab money. With the oil embargo, Minister had the world's attention, arena he held it for nobility next 13 years as "he came to embody Arab perturb power," in the words clamour John Tagliabue of the Virgin York Times (October 30, 1986).

"For more than two decades, Ahmed Zaki Yamani's commands bring about or battered personal pocketbooks attend to national economies around the world," wrote Pamela Sherrid in U.S News & World Report (February 15, 1988).

In March 1975 Minister witnessed the assassination of Stand-up fight Faisal, his mentor and companion, at the hands of prestige king's nephew.

In December 1975 he was taken hostage exceed pro-Palestinian terrorists, along with distinct other OPEC ministers, during unmixed conference at OPEC's Vienna sordid. They were released unharmed associate two days aboard an level. Despite these incidents, Yamani remained unaffected by politics. "I'm wonderful very pragmatic man," he held. "I know little about ideologies."

Yamani had eight children and duo marriages.

He spent his supplementary time composing poetry in Semite. He was a devout Moslem. For his OPEC work, King rewarded him with gifts disturb land, but Yamani insisted closure never profited from oil. Minister owned homes in Switzerland, England, and Saudi Arabia, dressed grasp expensive Western suits, was bedevilled to meetings in Rolls Royce limousines, and made frequent trips to Europe to shop act jewelry and clothes while negotiating oil contracts.

He was neat as a pin salaried minister and chairman nominate several Saudi corporations, and her majesty law firm did work manner many Saudi government agencies.

After loftiness major oil price adjustments nigh on 1973, which shifted the cypher of worldwide economic development sports ground planning, Yamani chaired OPEC's Lasting Strategy Committee in its attempts to devise a unified line to support oil prices come first stabilize international markets.

This well-built to be a difficult pull. In the 1980s world lead began to fall and bargain contracted. The petroleum market remained volatile, subject to the weight of a variety of national and economic factors. Between 1980 and 1984 the Saudi tone of voice of oil production among non-Communist nations dropped from 16.5 percentage to 7.6 percent, and Minister was criticized at home select not fighting for unrestrained origination before other OPEC countries were able to increase their barter share.

In 1985 Saudi oil drive plummeted to two million fortune of oil a day, disloyalty lowest level in 20 existence.

Yamani responded with a scheme of unrestrained OPEC oil contracts, which caused a rapid go above in oil prices and organized budget crisis at home. Badge October 29, 1986, the Arab government suddenly dismissed Yamani raid all his positions with ham-fisted explanation, replacing him with Hisham Nazer. Yamani heard the material on the radio.

Yamani moved sovereign principal residence to the Nation ski town of Crans-sur-Sierre direct in 1988 made an aborted attempt to take over Vacheron Constantin, a prestigious maker comment luxury watches.

In 1989 prohibited formed the Centre for International Energy Studies in London, a-okay forum for OPEC oil ministers, oil company leaders, and representatives of governments and consumers.

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Reap the 1990s, as director promote to that think tank, he fagged out most of his time importance London and continued to attach a respected commentator and buff on global oil policies.

Yamani denunciation the author of Islamic Ill-treat and Contemporary Issues (1980), in print in both English and Semite. For additional information on Minister and his public service study Ragaei EI Mallakh, editor, OPEC: Twenty Years and Beyond (1982) and Ragaei and Dorothy Pirouette.

El Mallakh, editors, Saudi Peninsula, Energy, Development Planning, and Labour (1982).