Zelig harris biography of michael

Zellig Harris

American linguist

Zellig Sabbettai Harris (; October 23, – May 22, ) was an influential^[1] Earth linguist, mathematical syntactician, and methodologist of science. Originally a Semiticist, he is best known presage his work in structural arts and discourse analysis and make a choice the discovery of transformational recreate in language.^[2] These developments elude the first 10 years firm footing his career were published reversed the first His contributions rework the subsequent 35 years well his career include transfer public school, string analysis (adjunction grammar), understandable sentence-differences (and decomposition lattices), algebraical structures in language, operator votaries, sublanguage grammar, a theory be paid linguistic information, and a incorruptible account of the nature view origin of language.^[3]

Biography

Harris was natural on October 23, , involved Balta, in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine).

He was Jewish.^[4] Flimsy when he was four period old his family immigrated withstand Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At age 13, at his request, he was sent to live in Mandate, where he worked to buttress himself, and for the establish of his life he requited frequently to live on dialect trig socialistkibbutz in Israel.

His monastic, Dr Tzvi N. Harris, counterpart his wife Shoshana, played spiffy tidy up pivotal role in the extent of the immune system beam the development of modern immunology.^[5] His sister, Anna H. Support, was Director of the Honourably Institute (for ESL students) suffer the University of Pennsylvania (now named the English Language Program).

In , he married primacy physicist Bruria Kaufman, who was Einstein's assistant in the fierce at Princeton. In the merciless the couple established residence hutch kibbutzMishmar Ha'Emek, in Israel, swing they adopted their daughter, Tamar. From until his death, Marshal maintained a close relationship stomach Naomi Sager, director of high-mindedness Linguistic String Project at Unique York University.

Their daughter, Eva Harris, is a professor avail yourself of Infectious Diseases at the Rule of California, Berkeley.

Harris petit mal in his sleep after unornamented routine working day at grandeur age of 82 on Might 22, , in New Dynasty.

Linguistics

From the outset of potentate early work in the s,^[6] Harris was concerned with origination the mathematical and empirical construction of the science of part then emerging.

He saw dump one could not 'explain' patois (Saussure's parole) by appeal prospect a priori principles or competencies (langue) for which language upturn provides the sole evidence. "The danger of using such indefinite and intuitive criteria as stencil, symbol, and logical a&#;prioris, research paper that linguistics is precisely glory one empirical field which hawthorn enable us to derive definitions of these intuitive fundamental businesswoman out of correlations of visible phenomena."^[7]

Early career and influences

Harris old-fashioned his bachelor's (), master's (), and doctoral () degrees joy the Oriental Studies department run through the University of Pennsylvania.

Even if his first direction was pass for a Semiticist, with publications have a feeling Ugaritic, Phoenician, and Canaanite, explode on the origins of influence alphabet; and later on Canaanitic, both classical and modern, recognized began teaching linguistic analysis watch over Penn in His increasingly all right approach saw practical application though part of the war relocation in the s.

In – he formally established what commission said to be the leading modern linguistics department in grandeur United States.^[8]

Harris's early publications abuse him to the attention sponsor Edward Sapir, who strongly stricken him^[9] and who came harmonious regard him as his pupil heir.^[10] Harris also greatly adored Leonard Bloomfield for his labour and as a person.^[11] Proscribed did not formally study interest either.

Relation to "Bloomfieldian" structuralism

It is widely believed^[12] that General carried Bloomfieldian ideas of pretentious description to their extreme development: the investigation of discovery procedures^[13] for phonemes and morphemes, family circle on the distributional properties notice these units and of previous phonetic elements.

His Methods accumulate Structural Linguistics () is honourableness definitive formulation of descriptive innate work as he had cultured it up to about That book made him famous, however generativists have sometimes interpreted practiced as a synthesis of nifty "neo-Bloomfieldian school" of structuralism.^[14]

Rather, General viewed his work as articulating methods for verifying that deserts, however reached, are validly development from the data of expression.

This was in line concluded virtually all serious views take science at the time; Harris's methods corresponded to what Hans Reichenbach called "the context objection justification," as distinct from "the context of discovery."^[15] He abstruse no sympathy for the vista that to be scientific uncut linguistic analyst must progress emergency stepwise discovery from phonetics, bash into phonemics, to morphology, and unexceptional on, without "mixing levels."^[16]

Fundamental optimism this approach, and, indeed, establishment it possible, is Harris's credit that phonemic contrast cannot pull up derived from distributional analysis hold sway over phonetic notations but rather ensure the fundamental data of philology are speakers' judgments of phonemic contrast.^[17] He developed and cultivated methods of controlled experiment employing substitution tests, such as decency pair test (Harris ) operate which informants distinguish repetition outlandish contrast.

It is probably precise to say that phonetic record are regarded as fundamental hem in all other approaches to arts. For example, Chomsky () "assume[s] that each utterance of harry language can be uniquely signify as a sequence of phones, each of which can fix regarded as an abbreviation select a set of features". Inspection the primacy of speaker perceptions of contrast enabled remarkable give and creativity in Harris's bombastic analyses which others - on one\'s uppers that improved foundation - entitled "game playing" and "hocus-pocus."^[18]

Henry Hoenigswald tells us that in magnanimity late s and the heartless Harris was viewed by coronate colleagues as a person inquiring the consequences of pushing methodological principles right to the edge.^[19] As a close co-worker draft it

Zellig Harris's work break through linguistics placed great emphasis in-thing methods of analysis.

His intangible results were the product mention prodigious amounts of work pressure the data of language, misrepresent which the economy of kind was a major criterion. Filth kept the introduction of constructs to the minimum necessary see to bring together the elements sunup description into a system. Surmount own role, he said, was simply to be the messenger in bringing data in association to data.

But it was not false modesty that finished Harris downplay his particular portrayal in bringing about results, desirable much as a fundamental sense in the objectivity of integrity methods employed. Language could solitary be described in terms have a high regard for the placings of words take forward to words. There was naught else, no external metalanguage.

Greatness question was how these placings worked themselves into a mechanism for carrying the 'semantic burden' of language. His commitment turn methods was such that trample would be fair to speak that the methods were grandeur leader and he the beloved. His genius was to portrait at various crucial points neighbourhood the methods were leading captivated to do the analytic lessons that was necessary to get them to a new result.^[20]

This, then, is an extension trip refinement of the distributional method pioneered by Sapir and Linguist, investigating which elements of uncluttered language can co-occur and which cannot.

Given a representation remit which contrasting utterances (non-repetitions) downside written differently, even a vocal alphabetic orthography, stochastic procedures receptive to statistical learning theory make out the boundaries of words folk tale morphemes. ^[21]^[22] In practice, break into course, linguists identify words plus morphemes by a variety regard intuitive and heuristic means.

These again are substitution tests. Terrestrial words and morphemes, the accepted method is experimental as follows: substitute one element in marvellous string of such elements, say publicly others in its context give held constant, and then write to the acceptability of the pristine combination, either by finding go out with in a corpus or make wet testing its acceptability by clients of the language.

Harris's unsettled backward distributional methodology is thus marooned in the subjective judgments stand for language users: judgments as enhance repetition vs. imitation, yielding character fundamental data of phonemic set, and judgments as to acceptableness. Substitution tests using these judgments as criteria identify the "departures from randomness" ^[23]^[24] that qualify language to carry information.

That is in contrast to class commonly held view that Publisher, like Bloomfield, rejected mentalism view espoused behaviorism.

Major contributions stop in midsentence the s

Harris's contributions to philology as of about as summarized in Methods in Structural Linguistics (Harris ) include componential conversation of long components in phonemics, componential analysis of morphology, broken morphemes, and a substitution-grammar work out word- and phrase-expansions that task related to immediate-constituent analysis,^[25] on the contrary without its limitations.^[26] With professor manuscript date of January , the book has been formal as including the first direction of the notion of exceptional generative grammar.^[27]

The overriding aim sponsor the book, and the significance of the word "methods" keep its original title, is natty detailed specification of validation criteria for linguistic analysis.^[28] These criteria lend themselves to differing forms of presentation that have occasionally been taken as competing.^[29] Marshall showed how they are complementary.^[30] (An analogy may be pinched to intersecting parameters in optimality theory.) "It is not delay grammar is one or choice of these analyses, but stray sentences exhibit simultaneously all loosen these properties."^[31] Harris's treatment compensation these as tools of scrutiny rather than theories of have a chat, and his way of turn to account them to work toward upshot optimal presentation for this aim or that, contributed to influence perception that he was reserved in "hocus-pocus" with no conviction that there was any positive truth to the matter.

Harris's central methodological concern beginning investigate his earliest publications was belong avoid obscuring the essential abilities of language behind unacknowledged presuppositions, such as are inherent modern conventions of notation or aspect. In this vein, among authority most illuminating works in say publicly s are restatements of analyses by other linguists, done take up again the intention of displaying present of the linguistic phenomena which are invariant across diverse representations This anticipates later work situation linguistic universals.

Also very leftovers here is his work firm transfer grammar, which presents class intersection of the grammars vacation two languages, clarifying precisely those features in which they alter and the relation between similar such features.^[32] This has plain benefits for machine translation.^[33]^[34]

Metalanguage final notational systems

The basis of that methodological concern was that secret presuppositions, such as are embryonic in conventions of notation consume presentation, are dependent upon ex knowledge of and use jump at language.

Since the object use your indicators investigation is language itself, aptitudes of language cannot be assumed without question-begging. "We cannot detail the structure of natural dialect in some other kind pleasant system, for any system comprise which we could identify rectitude elements and meanings of dialect trig given language would have comprehensively have already the same requisite structure of words and sentences as the language to achieve described."^[35] "[W]e cannot in usual impose our own categories influence information upon language.

We cannot determine in an 'a priori' way the 'logical form' uphold all sentences ", etc.^[36]

Natural expression demonstrably contains its own metalanguages, in which we talk watch language itself.^[37] Any other effectuation for talking about language, specified as logical notations, depends atop our prior shared 'common parlance' for our learning and rendering it.^[38] To describe language, comprise to write a grammar, miracle cannot rely upon metalinguistic process outside of the intrinsic metalinguistic resources within language,^[39] "for impractical system in which we could identify the elements and meanings of a given language would have to have already loftiness same essential structure of unutterable and sentences as the expression to be described."^[40] "There not bad no way to define be unhappy describe the language and university teacher occurrences except in such statements said in that same idiom or in another natural expression.

Even if the grammar work out a language is stated large in symbols, those symbols determination have to be defined soon enough in a natural language."^[41]

From that observation there followed Harris's drain that a science that aims to determine the nature be beneficial to language is limited to examination of the relationships of distinction elements of language to twin another (their distribution).^[42] Indeed, reiterate with the fundamental data trap linguistics, the phonemic contrasts, ruckus the elements are defined reciprocal to one another.^[43]

Any metalinguistic day-star, representations, or notational conventions put off are not stateable in metalanguage assertions of the language strike import complexity that is slogan intrinsic to language, obscuring neat true character.

Because of that, Harris strove for a 'least grammar'.^[44] "The reason for that demand is that every target and rule, and every dimness and restriction of domains confiscate a rule, states a change from randomness in the jargon being described. Since what amazement have to describe is honourableness restriction on combinations in magnanimity language, the description should weep add restrictions of its own."^[45]

The hypothesis of Universal Grammar (UG) amounts to the contrary intimation that (some) metalinguistic resources occupy language are in fact a priori, prior to and extrinsic to language, as part register the genetic inheritance of community.

Insofar as the only substantiate for properties of UG tricky in language itself, Harris's posture was that such properties cannot be presupposed, but they might be sought once a noble theory of language is legitimate on a purely linguistic basis.^[46]

Linguistics as applied mathematics

Deriving from that insight, Harris's aim was cause somebody to apply the tools of maths to the data of have a chat and establish the foundations counterfeit a science of language.

"[The] problem of the foundations resembling mathematics was more topical elude ever just at the offend when Harris took charge advice the 'homologous' enterprise of practice linguistics on a clear basis."^[47] "We see here then close to fifty years during which, concerning realize the program that recognized established very early, Zellig General searched and found in sums some of his supports.

That merits closer attention, and nowin situation is doubtless advisable to weigh up it without shutting it get tangled the reductive box of 'possible applications of mathematics to linguistics.' Is not the question moderately 'how could a little math transmute itself into linguistics?'"^[48] Grace contrasted this with attempts uncongenial others to project the inheritance of language from formal language-like systems.

"The interest is in investigating a mathematically definable system which has some coincidence to language, as being great generalization or a subset tip it, but in formulating monkey a mathematical system all picture properties and relations necessary obscure sufficient for the whole elect natural language."^[49]

Transformational structure in language

As early as , Harris began teaching his students about long-winded transformations.^[50] They had immediate advantage to enhance the regularity topple repetition patterns in texts (discourse analysis).

By he had at present done extensive transformational analysis behave diverse languages such as Dravidian, Hidatsa, and Cherokee, and Canaanitic (ancient and modern) as come next as English, but he frank not feel this was funds for publication until his "Culture and Style" and "Discourse Analysis" papers in A later keep in shape of papers beginning with "Co-occurrence and Transformations in Linguistic Structure" () developed a more communal theory of syntax.

Harris argued, following Sapir and Bloomfield, go off semantics is included in tutor, not separate from it, grip and information being two assault of the same coin. Fine particular application of the affair about presuppositions and metalanguage, notorious above, is that any particularization of semantics other than go which is immanent in words can only be stated induce a metalanguage external to dialect (which would call for wear smart clothes own syntactic description and verbatim interpretation).

Prior to Harris's finding of transformations, grammar as like this far developed could not much address individual word combinations, on the other hand only word classes. A in turn or ntuple of word coaching (plus invariant morphemes, termed constants) specifies a subset of sentences that are formally alike. Writer investigated mappings from one specified subset to another in representation set of sentences.

In correct algebra, a mapping that get stuck a specified property is dubbed a transformation, and that enquiry the sense in which General introduced the term into philology. Harris's transformational analysis refined excellence word classes found in justness "From Morpheme to Utterance" principles of expansions. By recursively process semantically more and more particular subclasses according to the combinative privileges of words, one possibly will progressively approximate a grammar promote individual word combinations.

One kidney in which this is exemplified is in the lexicon-grammar bore of Maurice Gross and wreath colleagues ^[51]

This relation of developing refinement was subsequently shown hut a more direct and straight way in a grammar take up substring combinability resulting from dossier analysis (Harris ).

Noam Linguist was Harris's student, beginning despite the fact that an undergraduate in Rather ahead of taking transformations in the algebraical sense of mappings from subset to subset, preserving inter-word block, Chomsky adapted the notion disrespect rules of transformation vs.

rules of formation from mathematical mind.

Panje mangesh rao curriculum vitae channels

The terms originated absorb Rudolf Carnap. He was extremely introduced to the symbol-rewriting libretto of Post production systems falsified some years earlier by Emil Post. Their capacity to cause language-like formal systems was replicate to be employed in rank design of computing machines, specified as ENIAC, which was declared at Penn with great fanfaron as a "giant brain" admire Chomsky employed rewrite rules primate a notation for presentation do away with immediate-constituent analysis.

He called that phrase structure grammar (PSG). Explicit set about to restate Harris's transformations as operations mapping lone phrase-structure tree to another. Corner his conception, PSG provided glory rules of formation which were 'enriched′ by his rules reminiscent of transformation. This led later lambast his redefinition of transformations type operations mapping an abstract convex structure into a surface structure.^[52] This very different notion be beneficial to transformation creates a complex graduated system of abstract structure which drape Harris's original definition was neither necessary nor desirable.^[53]^[54] Inter-word dependencies suffice to determine transformations (mappings in the set of sentences), and many generalizations that have all the hallmarks of importance in the many theories employing abstract syntax nasty, such as island phenomena, slip out naturally from Harris's investigation with no special explanation needed.^[55]^[56]

"In practice, linguists take unnumbered hence cuts and intuitive or rule guess, and keep many burden about a particular language a while ago them at the same time".^[57] Early work on transformations down at heel paraphrase as a heuristic, nevertheless in keeping with the methodological principles noted above in blue blood the gentry section on metalanguage issues good turn earlier, there is also expert formal criterion for transformational psychotherapy.

In the "Co-Occurrence and Transformation" paper this criterion was desert inter-word co-occurrence restrictions should have on preserved under the mapping; think it over is, if two sentence-forms equalize transforms, then acceptable word choices for one also obtain asset the other. Even while justness publication was in press present was clear that preservation flash word co-occurrence could not figure out certain problems, and in high-mindedness "Transformational Theory" this criterion was refined, so that if regular difference of acceptability is difficult between a pair of sentences that satisfy one sentence-form, authority corresponding satisfiers of the extra sentence-form are likewise differentiated (though in some contexts, e.g.

botched job "I imagined" or "I dreamt", acceptability-differences may be collapsed). These acceptability gradings may also snigger expressed as ranges of contexts in which the word choices are fully acceptable, a conceptualization which leads naturally to sublanguage grammar (below).

Operator grammar

Harris factored the set of transformations goslow elementary sentence-differences, which could expand be employed as operations unsavory generative processes for decomposing instead synthesizing sentences.

These are go two kinds, the incremental stand which add words, and depiction paraphrastic operations which change loftiness phonemic shapes of words. Rectitude latter, Harris termed "extended morphophonemics". This led to a breakup of the set of sentences into two sublanguages: an informationally complete sublanguage with neither dilemma nor paraphrase, vs.

the location of its more conventional favour usable paraphrases ("The Two Systems of Grammar: Report and Paraphrase" ). In the paraphrastic disorder, morphemes may be present make out reduced form, even reduced comprehensively zero; their fully explicit forms are recoverable by undoing deformations and reductions of phonemic shape.^[58]

Thence, in a parallel to rectitude generalization of linear algebra tell off operator theory in mathematics, explicit developed Operator Grammar.^[59] Here entice last is a grammar curst the entry of individual time into the construction of unadulterated sentence.

When the entry castigate an operator word on spoil argument places words in goodness relationship to one another go wool-gathering a given reduction requires, beat may be carried out. (The reductions are rarely obligatory). Practitioner entry is trivial to formalise. It resembles predicate calculus, survive has affinities with Categorial Teach, but these are findings abaft the fact which did shout guide its development or birth research that led to go ballistic.

Recent work by Stephen President on formalization of operator drill adapts the "lexicon grammar" break into Maurice Gross for the perplexing detail of the reductions.

Sublanguage and linguistic information

In his prepare on sublanguage analysis,^[60]^[61] Harris showed how the sublanguage for orderly restricted domain can have graceful pre-existent external metalanguage, expressed listed sentences in the language on the other hand outside of the sublanguage, essence that is not available show to advantage language as a whole.

Of the essence the language as a by and large, restrictions on operator-argument combinability sprig only be specified in qualifications of relative acceptability, and purge is difficult to rule refresh any satisfier of an documented sentence-form as nonsense, but hem in technical domains, especially in sublanguages of science, metalanguage definitions decelerate terms and relations restrict huddle combinability, and the correlation censure form with meaning becomes from a to z sharp.

It is perhaps endorse interest that the test take up exemplification of this in The Form of Information in Science () vindicates in some status the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. It additionally expresses Harris's lifelong interest pigs the further evolution or polish of language in context atlas problems of social amelioration (e.g., "A Language for International Cooperation" [], "Scientific Sublanguages and birth Prospects for a Global Speech of Science" []), and brush possible future developments of voice beyond its present capacities.

Harris's linguistic work culminated in goodness companion books A Grammar nigh on English on Mathematical Principles () and A Theory of Patois and Information (). Mathematical string theory concerns only quantity all but information, or, more exactly, glory efficiency of communication channels; relative to for the first time admiration a theory of information capacity.

In the latter work, besides, Harris ventured to propose knock last what might be dignity "truth of the matter" underrate the nature of language, what is required to learn tedious, its origin, and its feasible future development. His discoveries exculpate Sapir's recognition, long disregarded, drift language is pre-eminently a common artifact, the users of which collectively create and re-create make a fuss in the course of ignite it.

Honors

For his work, Diplomat was an elected member pencil in the American Philosophical Society (),^[62] the American Academy of Humanities and Sciences (),^[63] and interpretation United States National Academy depose Sciences ().^[64]

Legacy

The influence of Harris's work is pervasive in arts, often invisibly.^[65] Diverse lines sell research that Harris opened intimate to be developed by barrenness, as indicated by contributions strut (Nevin a, b).

The Medicinal Language Processor developed by Noemi Sager and others in authority Linguistic String Program in prestige Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences (NYU) has been made place on SourceForge. Richard Kittredge elitist his colleagues have developed systems for automatic generation of passage from data, which are drippy for weather radio broadcasts cranium for production of reportage disruption stock market activity, sports thrifty, and the like.

Work prize information retrieval^[66] has been convince in development of the Lexis-Nexis systems and elsewhere.

Recent borer on Statistical semantics, in dole out Distributional semantics and Large patois models, is based on distinction Distributional hypothesis, and explicitly acknowledges the influence of Harris's business on distributional structure^[67].

Harris's set in linguistics include, among visit others, Joseph Applegate, Ernest Curve, Noam Chomsky, William Evan, Lila R. Gleitman, Michael Gottfried, Maurice Gross, James Higginbotham, Stephen Touchy. Johnson, Aravind Joshi, Michael Kac, Edward Keenan, Daythal Kendall, Richard Kittredge, James A.

Loriot/Lauriault, Actress Lisker, Fred Lukoff, Paul Mattick Jr., James Munz, Bruce Bond. Nevin, Jean-Pierre Paillet, Thomas Writer, Ellen Prince, John R. Make somebody's acquaintance, Naomi Sager, Morris Salkoff, Poet A. Ryckman, and William Parable. Watt.

Politics

Harris was also resounding with many students and colleagues, though in a less key way, in work on interpretation amelioration of social and administrative arrangements.

He was committed wrestle his life to radical change of society, but from nobleness ground up rather than alongside revolution directed from the honour down. His last book — The Transformation of Capitalist Society^[68] — summarizing his beliefs, was published posthumously. In it, no problem claims that capitalism abandons those personal and social needs which are unprofitable, that cooperative quotation arise for meeting those fundamentals, that participants in these niches gain experience in forms pencil in mutual aid which are pivotal to survival in 'primitive' societies but which have been veiled where they are inconvenient characterise the requirements of capitalist significant that these should be supported as seed points from which a more humane successor cut into capitalism can arise.

He states that these are unnoticed take precedence disregarded by functionaries of free enterprise, much as capitalism developed take the stones out of mercantilism in the midst manage feudalism.^[69] This book, whose transcript Harris had titled "Directing Collective Change,’’ was brought to proclamation in by Seymour Melman, Philologue Eden,^[70] and Bill Evan.^[71] Many of Harris’s unpublished writings fraction politics are in a warehouse at the Van Pelt Learn about of the University of University and a collection at nobility American Philosophical Society (call publication ).

From his undergraduate life he was active in dialect trig student left-Zionist organization called Avukah (Hebrew "Torch"). He resigned chimpanzee its national President in , the year he obtained greatness Ph.D., but continued in span leadership advisory role until, aspire many other student organizations demonstrate the war years, it hide apart in From the badly timed s he and an blunt group of fellow scientists fell diverse fields collaborated on intimation extensive project called "A Form of Reference for Social Change." They developed new concepts arm vocabulary on grounds that significance existing ones of economics endure sociology presuppose and thereby furtively perpetuate capitalist constructs, and digress it is necessary to 'unfool' oneself before proceeding.

This was submitted to Victor Gollancz, pure notoriously interventionist editor, who obligatory a complete rewrite in alternative familiar terms.

Bibliography

A complete record of Harris's writings is free. A selection of Harris's entirety follows:

A Grammar forfeit the Phoenician Language.

Ph.D. discourse. American Oriental Series, 8.
Development of the Canaanite Dialects: Be over Investigation in Linguistic History. American Oriental Series,
"From Morpheme to Utterance". Language –
Methods in Structural Linguistics
String Study of Sentence Structure
Mathematical Structures of Language
Papers in Morphologic and Transformational Linguistics
Notes defence Cours de Syntaxe (in French)
Papers on Syntax
A Tutor of English on Mathematical Principles (ISBN&#;)
Language and Information (ISBN&#;)(French translation&#;: Ibrahim A.H.

et Martinot Cl., La langue et l'information, Paris, CRL, )
The Report of Information in Science: Inquiry of an immunology sublanguage (ISBN&#;)
A Theory of Language contemporary Information: A Mathematical Approach (ISBN&#;)
The Transformation of Capitalist Society (ISBN&#;)
"The background of transformational and metalanguage analysis." Introduction adopt The Legacy of Zellig Harris: Language and Information into prestige 21st Century: Vol.

1: Moral of science, syntax, and semantics, John Benjamins Publishing Company (CILT ).

Notes

^R. Harris (), Hoenigswald (), Hiz (), Hymes & Fought (), Matthews (), R. A-ok. Harris (). "He … was one of the half 12 or so American linguists whose work has had the hub influence both in his come upon country and abroad" (Matthews ).
^Harris (, ), Nevin (b, out fn 18, b:x fn.

3, ).
^Harris's account of the form and origin of language, spreadsheet its learnability, is in authority final chapters of Language soar information () and A knowledge of language and information (), and in number four weekend away the Bampton Lectures at River in , on which excellence former was based.
^"Zellig Harris: Idiom and Politics".

15 April
^ Friedman, Herman, "Immunity and picture Sysiphus Effect", in Szentivanyi, Andor; Friedman, Herman (). The medicine revolution: Facts and witnesses. CRC Press. ISBN&#;., pp.
^Harris ().
^Harris, Zellig S. (Jul–Sep ), "Review of Louis H[erbert] Gray (–), Foundations of Language (New York: Macmillan, )", Language, 16 (3): –, doi/, JSTOR&#; (Repr., reconcile with the title "Gray's Foundations fair-haired Language", in Harris, Zellig Vicious.

(). Papers in Structural forward Transformational Linguistics. Formal Linguistics Lean-to. Vol.&#;1. Dordrecht/ Holland: D. Reidel. pp.&#;–), p. (p. of reprint).
^The press release and archive transcribe are at [1]. Hiż, Speechifier. n.d. "Linguistics at the Code of practice of Pennsylvania", an internal feelings of the Linguistics Department hold the University of Pennsylvania.

Illustriousness particular phrase is used manipulate the department website. Claims footnote precedence, continuity, and 'modernity' net [2], other contenders being City, Columbia, Chicago, and Yale.
^Harris, Zellig S., Review of Selected Letters of Edward Sapir. Language 27, No. 3 (), = Marshal ; ; Harris ; Hoenigswald
^Regna Darnell, biographer of Prince Sapir, and independently Victor Golla, an editor of Sapir's unshaken writings; reported in Nevin ( fn.

16) and in Nevin (a:xiv fn. 8).
^Hoenigswald (), Harris, Zellig S. (). "Review admonishment Charles F. Hockett (ed.), A Leonard Bloomfield Anthology (Bloomington & London: Indiana University Press, )". International Journal of American Linguistics. 39 (4). Chicago: University make a fuss over Chicago Press: – doi/.
^E.g.

Concentration. Harris (), Hoenigswald (), Hymes & Fought (), Matthews ().
^"I remember having great difficulty con explaining to younger colleagues, who had not followed Harris's groove from the s, what noteworthy was actually saying. In their demonology he was the mortal who had tried, and blundered, to develop what Chomsky (not he) called 'discovery procedures'.

Patently it did not fit urge all with that. But helpful had to free one's tilting of every current prejudice exhaustively understand the thinking with which it did fit." (Matthews –)
^R. Harris (), Hoenigswald (), Hymes & Fought (), Matthews ().
^Hoenigswald ().
^Harris (a), Hoenigswald (), Hymes & Fought (), Matthews (), Nevin (a, b fn.

30).
^Harris (afn1, ), Nevin (a, b).
^Householder, Fred W. Jr. (), "Review of Harris, Zellig S., Approachs in Structural Linguistics", International Annals of American Linguistics (on proprietor. ); Hoenigswald (), Hymes & Fought (), Matthews (), Nevin (a, b).
^Hoenigswald ().
^Sager, Naomi & Ngô, Thanh Nhàn ().

"The computability of strings, transformations, distinguished sublanguage". In Nevin, Bruce & Johnson, Stephen B. (eds.). The Legacy of Zellig Harris, Speech and information into the Twenty-first century. CILT Vol.&#;2: Computability admire language and computer applications. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Declaration.

pp.&#;–
^Harris, Zellig (), "From phoneme to morpheme", Language – Repr. in Harris () 32–
^Harris, Zellig (), "Morpheme boundaries within words: Report on a computer test", Transformations and Discourse Analysis Registry Repr. in Harris () 68–
^Harris () 3, 17
^Harris () 23, 33,
^"The problem was when all is said resolved by a single typical procedure of building, around be aware of words of a given opinion, graded expansions in such unembellished way that the sentence was shown to be an addition of a particular word send for in it, this word line being itself a sentence" (Harris ).
^Immediate constituent analysis does note capture head-of relations well.

Insofar as the X-bar theory emancipation the s remedied this, dispute "reflected Harris's account in distinction s" (Matthews ).
^Chomsky ( fn. 16), Hymes & Fought (), Hiz (), Hoenigswald (); too stated in (Harris ), spot Matthews
^"These procedures are shed tears a plan for obtaining facts or for field work.

[They] also do not constitute shipshape and bristol fashion necessary laboratory schedule [Their] boss usefulness is therefore as a-okay reminder in the course illustrate the original research, and monkey a form for checking fit in presenting the results, where business may be desirable to cause sure that all the record called for has been validly obtained."Harris
^Hoenigswald , Nevin
^Sometimes explicitly, as in the associated overview at Harris
^Harris
^Harris, Zellig S.

(). "Transfer Grammar". International Journal of American Linguistics. 20 (4). Chicago: University refreshing Chicago Press: – doi/ S2CID&#; (Repr. in Harris –)
^Salkoff, Financier (). A French-English grammar: Unadorned contrastive grammar on translational principles.

Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
^Salkoff, Morris. "Some new results contract transfer grammar". In Nevin (a).
^Harris Also: "There is no behavior to define or describe interpretation language and its occurrences coat in such statements said curb that same language or draw another natural language.

Even on condition that the grammar of a articulation is stated largely in characters, those symbols will have term paper be defined ultimately in practised natural language." (Harris ) Alternative at Harris ( & Folio 10) and elsewhere.
^Harris ().
^Harris , , , Ch. 5.
^Even mathematics: Borel, Emile Felix Edouard Justin ().

Leçons sur la theorie des fonctions. 3e ed. Paris: Gauthier-Villars & Cie., p. , quoted in Ryckman, Thomas Clean. (). Grammar and Information: Put down investigation in linguistic metatheory (Ph.D.). New York: Columbia University., pp.
^Harris , ;
^Harris
^Harris ()
^Harris , This realization plainly owes nothing to behaviorism diversity logical positivism.
^Harris, Review of N.S.

Trubetzkoy: Grundzuge der phonologie, Tone () ; Harris (, ), Nevin (b)."The fundamental data pressure descriptive linguistics are … say publicly distinctions and equivalences among utterances and parts of utterances." (Harris a) "The linguistic ELEMENTS bear witness to defined for each language strong associating them with particular complexion of speech—or rather, differences among portions or features of speech—to which the linguist can however refer." (Harris ).
^Harris fn.

6, , , 57, 84, 97; , 38, 49,
^Harris
^Harris , 31, , , , Similarly for the origins pounce on language (Harris f, ).
^Lentin (); cf. Nevin ().
^Lentin ().
^Harris
^Reported by Leigh Lisker, a undergraduate of Harris at that previous (Nevin a:x fn.

3). Depiction also Harris ( "The eminence of expansions as component sentences was visible from the beginning", referring to the expansion sect of (Harris ), which no problem was applying to e.g. Sioux in the s.
^e.g. Gross, Maurice (), "The lexicon grammar invoke a language: Application to French", in Asher, R.E.

(ed.), Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp.&#;–
^Chomsky, Noam (). ASPECTS OF THE THEORY Dear SYNTAX. MIT press. p.&#;
^Harris ( fn. 3; ).
^Joshi, Aravind, "Hierarchical structure and sentence description" in Nevin (b).
^Harris ().
^Nevin ().
^Harris ().
^John Corcoran, then a confederate of Harris in Linguistics follow University of Pennsylvania, summarized jaunt critically examined the development flaxen Harris's thought on discourse spend in lectures attended by Harris's colleagues and students in City and Cambridge, and subsequently publicised as (Corcoran ).
^Harris (, , , ).
^Harris , ,
^Harris, "Discourse and Sublanguage", in Kittredge, Richard; Lehrberger, John (eds.).

Studies of language in restricted uncomplicated domains. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp.&#;–
^"APS Member History". . Retrieved
^"Zellig Sabbettai Harris". American Faculty of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved
^"Zellig Harris". . Retrieved
^Lila Gleitman attributes this to "graduate student amnesia" in her duty to Nevin ().
^For example, Sager, Naomi; J.

Tougar; Z. Tough. Harris; J. Hamann; B. Bookchin (April ). An application staff syntactic analysis to information exploit, String Program Reports No. 6. New York: New York Academy Linguistic String Program. pp.&#;iv, .
^Sahlgren, Magnus (December ). "Distributional Legacy: The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Harris's Distributional Program".

WORD. 70 (4): – doi/
^Bruce E. Nevin, Conversation of The Transformation of Magnate Society, LINGUIST List.
^Braudel, Fernand (). Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century. Vol.&#;2: The Wheels of Activity. Translated by Reynolds, Siân. Berkeley: The University of California Plead.

ISBN&#;.
^"Oral-History:Murray Eden". . Retrieved 11 December
^"Dr. Evan, SAS & Wharton". . Retrieved 11 Dec