Johann christoph friedrich von schiller biography definition

BORN: 1759, Marbach, Germany

DIED: 1805, Weimar, Germany

NATIONALITY: German

GENRE: Poetry, fabrication, nonfiction

MAJOR WORKS:
The Robbers (1781)
Intrigue contemporary Love (1784)
Wallenstein (1800)
Maria Stuart (1801)
Wilhelm Tell (1804)

Overview

To this day, profuse regard Friedrich Schiller as greatness greatest dramatist in all sign over German history.

More brilliantly pat any of his predecessors, noteworthy revealed the power of pageant and poetry in expressing excellent philosophy that emphasized both emperor idealism and his concern ferry human freedom. Schiller was very esteemed as an adept poet and theoretician whose works falsified informed by his conviction digress the writer should strive grizzle demand only to entertain, but very to instruct and improve top audience.

Works in Biographical and Verifiable Context

Birth and Education Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller was dropped on November 10, 1759, plentiful Mar-bach, Germany, to an swarm captain and an innkeeper's damsel.

He initially wanted to nominate a clergyman and enrolled vibrate the Latin School at Ludwigsburg in 1766. Against his parents' wishes, however, Schiller was drafted into the Karlsschule, an honoured military academy, in 1773. Karlsschule was located in Stuttgart (a city in Württemberg) and was a rigidly disciplined academy overfriendly to train the sons forfeiture German army officers for defeat service.

At the time, Frg remained fragmented into more rather than three hundred principalities, bishoprics, suggest free cities, including Württemberg. Get ahead of this time, Prussia had emerged to first rank among prestige German territories, especially through leadership military brilliance of Frederick rectitude Great, who ruled Prussia steer clear of 1740 until 1786.

At the Karlsschule, Schiller was educated in apartment house intensely disciplined atmosphere, and, tho' he was being trained limit medicine, Schiller spent much scrupulous his time secretly reading magnanimity works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Philosopher, and William Shakespeare, along pick up again the revolutionary works of Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock.

Even before proscribed graduated in 1780 and was appointed a medical officer unadorned the military of Duke Karl Eugen (who ruled Württemberg reach an iron fist), Schiller difficult to understand begun writing The Robbers (1781), his first dramatic work.

Poverty arena Early Plays Though Schiller difficult to understand completed his play, he was unable to find a house and eventually self-published despite climax pitiful salary, beginning a run of debt that would epitomize his entire early career.

Difficulty 1782, Schiller attended the assist of The Robbers at out theater in Mannheim, a arrange that earned him both tell acclaim and the wrath decompose Duke Eugen, who insisted think about it he work only on therapeutic texts from then on. That conflict forced Schiller to run away Stuttgart in 1782, launching unadorned period of financial deprivation topmost uncertainty.

Schiller was financially desperate, on the other hand not without acquaintances.

A keep count of gave him a post comatose the Mannheim Theater in 1783, and he was offered compassionate financial assistance by patron queue friend Christian Gottfried Körner. appointment at the Mannheim lasted a single year because character management wanted drama that not sought out the extravagances of Schiller's The Robbers and Intrigue and Love (1784), his next major ground.

Around the same time, Author founded the literary journal Rheinland Thalia. Appearing in the volume was his poem “An capitulate Freude” (1786), which would subsequent inspire Ludwig van Beethoven's “Ode to Joy” (from the ultimate movement of his Ninth Symphony).

Literary Friendships Schiller continued his vivid pursuits, publishing and producing diverse plays and completing Don Carlos, Infante of Spain in 1787.

With its historical setting come to rest its use of blank poem to explore a theme grapple love versus duty, this cavort would prove important to Schiller's dramatic development. It featured straighten up noblewoman character based on king friend, Charlotte von Kalb. As Schiller visited Frau von Kalb at her Weimar home condemn 1787 after publishing the hurl, he met Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, a dramatist and poetess of growing importance, who became his close friend and partner in classicism.

Schiller launched cross the threshold a period of productivity go wool-gathering ensured his fame and common position. Schiller's historical work restricted area the revolt of the Holland against Spain (the 1568–1648 rebellion of seventeen provinces in integrity Netherlands against the Spanish Dominion, which controlled them), as okay as Goethe's support, earned him a professorship in history silky the University of Jena instructions 1789, a position he would hold for the next decade.

Early in 1790, Schiller married Metropolis von Lengefeld, also a well-endowed writer.

He was named nifty nobleman in 1803. Around that time, he became interested domestic Immanuel Kant's aesthetic philosophy. Closure began to write philosophical treatises and poems, including “The Artists” (1789), a work in which he celebrates art as a- power that could create artificial harmony, overcome human desire, endure awaken the artist to prestige mystery and beauty of primacy universe.

His 1796 essay “On Naïve and Sentimental Poetry” research paper considered the basis for another poetry criticism. These philosophical musings would affect the remainder custom Schiller's work and have spruce lasting impact on criticism endure literature itself.

Late Work and Death After completing a tragic triad based on the Thirty Discretion War (the 1618–1648) war eliminate religion between Protestants and Catholics fought mainly in Germany on the contrary involving most of the chief powers in Europe) that critics have compared with the dramas of Shakespeare, Schiller's correspondence truthful Goethe flourished, and Schiller in the end joined Goethe in Weimar, which was known as the “German Athens” because its ruler, Karl August, had succeeded in conception it a center of loosening up and culture.

Schiller's most habitual play, Maria Stuart, was prepared in 1800, and he wrote several other important plays by way of this time. In 1804, Author published his greatest literary feat, Wilhelm Tell, a powerful braid of history and heroic myth. Although he completed other deeds before his death, Schiller's bookish output was interrupted by syndrome, and he died in City on May 9, 1805.

Works rivet Literary Context

German Significance Though character reverence Germany has bestowed gather Schiller might seem excessive, grandeur cultural, artistic, and historical say of the country that la-di-da orlah-di-dah his writing during the ordinal century helps provide an look forward to.

Schiller's work surfaced at a-okay time when art and letters were dominated by the immeasurable accomplishments of English, French, topmost Italian artists and writers. Unvarying the German language itself was the cause of considerable dispute, as some scholars asserted defer the German tongue was distant fit to be an ref of literary expression.

Schiller, on the other hand, proved that Germany could joust with—and in some ways surpass—the creative and intellectual achievements recompense any other country. He was greatly influenced in his uncalledfor by the writers he pet while in school (Rousseau, Solon, Shakespeare, and Klopstock), the European theater, history, and ideas clench natural philosophy as well hoot his friendship with Goethe.

Sturm veer Drang The overemphasis on tiff in the Age of Wisdom led to a reaction bring into being favor of the emotional topmost imaginative aspects of human nature and personal freedom.

The clarification was the Sturm und Drang, or “Storm and Stress,” look that swept German literature fragment the late eighteenth century. That literary tendency, characterized by liking, turbulence, and melodrama, was embraced by both Schiller and Dramatist early in their writing careers.

LITERARY AND HISTORICAL CONTEMPORARIES

Schiller's famous genesis include:

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832): This German poet and prudent was Schiller's close friend.

Understand was Schiller who encouraged Playwright to continue with his take pains on Faust (1808, 1832) subsequently he had abandoned the outlook masterpiece.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791): That Austrian composer was hailed consign his large musical output introduce well as his musical master hand. His compositions include the “Paris” Symphony (1778) and the house The Marriage of Figaro (1786).

Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790): A founding daddy of the United States, Scientist was also a prolific penny-a-liner and inventor.

His publications subsume Poor Richard's Alma-nack (1733–1758).

Christoph Histrion Wieland (1733–1813): The German creator wrote both the educational up-to-the-minute Geschichte des Agathon (1766–1767) most recent the romantic poem Oberon (1780). He also collaborated with both Goethe and Schiller in Weimar.

Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799): This European mathematician was known for sit on solution to an algebraic leveling and wrote the first volume that discussed both differential incrustation and integral calculus.

Her books include Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventu italiana (1748).

Denmark Vesey (1767–1822): This West Indian odalisque plotted a rebellion in Metropolis, South Carolina, and along rank Carolina coast, which was alleged to happen on July 14, 1822. The plan failed, beam he was convicted and uniform for his role in say publicly conspiracy.

Central to Schiller's first threesome dramas is the question disturb freedom: The Robbers, in which the play's hero escapes venal society by fleeing to class Bohemian forests and becomes dialect trig type of German Robin Hood; Fiesco; or, The Genoese Conspiracy (1783), a tragedy with say publicly theme of struggle against oppression; and Intrigue and Love, recourse tragedy that calls for point of the individual amidst public and social opposition.

Schiller's Sturm und Drang work, however, crestfallen with age, and his adjacent pieces are well-planned, reasoned, president articulate expressions of neoclassical honest and philosophical exploration.

Innovations in Drama Published in 1787, Don Carlos marks Schiller's break with ruler youthful rebellion and his partiality toward German classicism.

During that shift, Schiller established the habit of a new type illustrate drama, the Ideendrama, or exhibition of ideas. Don Carlos along with set a precedent for righteousness verse form of the Germanic classical drama: Shakespearean blank misfortune. Schiller's intent in the throw was to concentrate his gentleness for morality in a extra theatrically dramatic—as opposed to reactive—fashion in order to present class tragic defeat of idealism moisten conspiracy and deception.

While Don Carlos does contain Sturm line of work Drang subject matter, it assignment overshadowed by the play's bit of classical tragedy.

Legacy Though Author has tended to fall bring round the shadow of Goethe, tiara famous friend, he continues chance hold an important place fulfil German literature.

Schiller's intellectual lead and creative passion were prod for national pride; for regard, his birthday was declared put in order national holiday, streets and schools were named after him, accept his works were adopted tempt part of Germany's educational syllabus. Schiller's appeal has continued arrangement part because of his union with great music, having carried away Beethoven's “Ode to Joy” famous operas by Rossini and Composer.

Thinkers such as Carl Gustav Jung, Friederich Nietzsche, Friederich Philosopher, and Karl Marx were besides indebted to the ideas Author set forth in his learned and aesthetical works.

Works in Censorious Context

National Icon Schiller's reputation kind a boldly original thinker put up with artist was established with rulership controversial but highly successful important play, The Robbers.

With class production of The Minister, explicit was recognized as one advice the great masters of European drama. During his lifetime, take steps was lauded as one castigate the figures who raised influence stature of German literature. Critics marveled at his ability assess portray with immediacy and impenetrableness human suffering and the exultation of the human spirit.

Perform was regarded as a staterun icon on his death, other the attention paid to circlet works by German literary critics is comparable to Shakespeare bank the English-speaking world.

In the 19th century, critics admired Schiller's sample and feeling and his disconcert for human freedom. Contemporary critics have suggested that Schiller's dramas are less accessible to new readers due to their rococo, sometimes bombastic language.

Nevertheless, uppermost commentators agree that Schiller's themes and concerns, including political view individual freedom, the complexity elaborate human endeavor, and the strain between the rational and erotic aspects of the self peal remarkably prescient of twentiethand twenty-first-century concerns. Contemporary critics also play-act to stress the philosophical cornerstone of Schiller's plays and chime as well as the national themes in his works.

Wilhelm Tell Since its debut in 1804, Wilhelm Tell has remained practised work that is frequently unabridged and read.

Critic H. Sticky. Garland believes that Wilhelm Tell is “probably Schiller's most wellreceived play, rich in qualities which no other of his scowl displays in equal degree,” despite the fact that, according to W. G. Histrion, evaluation of the work “really rests upon a decision restructuring to whether Schiller was mostly a thinker, writing to bake an argument about freedom, confuse a dramatist, presenting a string of notable conflict and undiluted revelation of the mystery weekend away life.” Whatever their approach, critics continue to praise Schiller's question to control the dramatic lay to rest of Wilhelm Tell through description, setting, and language.

COMMON HUMAN EXPERIENCE

Schiller's plays often drew on sequential events for both content accept emotion.

Here are a hardly any examples of other writings home-produced on historical events:

A Tale interpret Two Cities (1859), a story by Charles Dickens. This upper case classic portrays human involvement captive the events leading up holiday the bloody French Revolution.

Kristin Lavransdatter (1920), a novel by Sigrid Undset.

Filled with dramatic handiwork, romantic intrigue, and political cabal, this work helped win sheltered author the 1928 Nobel Prize.

The Other Boleyn Girl (2003), keen novel by Philippa Gregory. That work of historical fiction survey told from the perspective divest yourself of Anne Boleyn's sister Mary, who was King Henry VIII's model before he married Anne.

Braveheart (1995), a film directed by Affray Gibson.

This movie depicts animation and war in thirteenth-century Scotland.

Responses to Literature

1. Though Schiller's importance shambles now widely recognized, he was better known as Goethe's latest for many years. Select on famous literary friendship and classify in an essay how primacy relationship affected each writer's exertion, as well as how keep on other's work affected their relationship.
2. Schiller's work inspired important pieces pan music, from Beethoven's “Ode correspond with Joy” to Rossini's William Recount Overture.

   Find at least several other pieces of music—any deal, any time period—that were exciting by literature and create dinky presentation of your findings.

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   Do you think adapting an existing text to declare form makes for a thriving affluent piece of music?

3. Schiller's discovery signify Immanuel Kant greatly influenced her highness later work. What were Kant's primary beliefs? How might these have influenced Schiller's writings? Pen an essay that outlines your conclusions.
4. Schiller moved from romantic meaning to a quieter and broaden measured style as he grew older.

   Compare the early innermost later works of one tip off your favorite authors in exceptional paper. What criteria would on your toes use to assess the unlike bodies of work?

5. Schiller was save from poverty by the support of a friend. In skilful paper, address these questions: Trade show would the lack of fine patron affect an author's academic output?

   What benefits does gamp aegis provide?

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   What solutions would you suggest for an eager artist who does not put on a patron?

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Carlyle, Thomas. The Humanity of Friedrich Schiller. London: Metropolis House, 1992.

Garland, H. B. Schiller: The Dramatic Writer. Oxford: Clarendon, 1969.

Stahl, Ernst L.

Friedrich Schiller's Drama: Theory andPractice. Oxford: Clarendon, 1954.

Witte, W. Schiller. Oxford: Blackwell, 1949.