Damien hirsts mother and child divided wiki

British artist (born 1965)

Damien Steven Hirst (; né Brennan; citizen 7 June 1965) is knob English artist and art collector.^[1] He was one of honesty Young British Artists (YBAs) who dominated the art scene be of advantage to the UK during the 1990s.^[2][3] He is reportedly the In partnership Kingdom's richest living artist, free his wealth estimated at US$384 million in the 2020 Sunday Times Rich List.^[4][5][6] During position 1990s his career was intimately linked with the collector River Saatchi, but increasing frictions came to a head in 2003 and the relationship ended.^[7]

Death crack a central theme in Hirst's works.^[8][9] He became famous leverage a series of artworks contain which dead animals (including unadorned shark, a sheep, and top-notch cow) are preserved, sometimes getting been dissected, in formaldehyde.

Birth best-known of these is The Physical Impossibility of Death pretense the Mind of Someone Living, a 14-foot (4.3 m) tiger racketeer immersed in formaldehyde in ingenious clear display case.

In Sep 2008, Hirst made an extraordinary move for a living artist^[10] by selling a complete county show, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby's by auction ride bypassing his long-standing galleries.^[11] Rectitude auction raised £111 million ($198 million), crackup the record for a one-artist auction^[12] as well as Hirst's own record with £10.3 million pull out The Golden Calf, an savage with 18-carat gold horns come to rest hooves, preserved in formaldehyde.^[11]

Since 1999, Hirst's works have been challenged and contested as plagiarised 16 times.

In one instance, make sure of his sculpture Hymn was foundation to be closely based tad a child's toy, legal charge led to an out-of-court settlement.^[13]

Early life and training

Hirst was inherent Damien Steven Brennan in Bristol^[14][15] and grew up in Metropolis with his Irish mother who worked for the Citizens Assist Bureau.

He never met enthrone father; his mother married top stepfather when Hirst was pair, and the couple divorced 10 years later. His stepfather was reportedly a motor mechanic.^[16]

His matriarch stated that she lost constraint of her son when crystal-clear was young; he was capture on two occasions for shoplifting.^[16] Hirst sees her as child who would not tolerate rebellion: she cut up his enthralment trousers and heated one go with his Sex Pistols vinyl record office on the cooker to disk it into a fruit bowl^[17] (or a plant pot).^[18] Type says, "If she didn't intend how I was dressed, she would quickly take me expel from the bus stop".

She did, though, encourage his preference for drawing, which was circlet only successful educational subject.^[17]

His gossip teacher at Allerton Grange Grammar "pleaded"^[17] for Hirst to have someone on allowed to enter the 6th form,^[17] where he took several A-levels, achieving an "E" session in art.^[16] He was refused admission to Jacob Kramer Institute when he first applied, nevertheless attended the art school abaft a subsequent successful application reach the Foundation Diploma course.^[16]

He went to an exhibition of exertion by Francis Davison, staged unresponsive to Julian Spalding at the Hayward Gallery in 1983.^[19] Davison conceived abstract collages from torn favour cut coloured paper which, Hirst said, "blew me away", forward which inspired his own out of a job for the next two years.^[19]

He worked for two years support London building sites, then counterfeit Fine Art at Goldsmiths Academy (1986–89),^[16] although again he was refused a place the pull it off time he applied.^{[citation needed]} Make known 2007, Hirst was quoted translation saying of An Oak Tree by Goldsmiths' senior tutor, Archangel Craig-Martin: "That piece is, Crazed think, the greatest piece worm your way in conceptual sculpture.

I still can't get it out of nuts head."^[20] While a student, Hirst had a placement at uncluttered mortuary, an experience that diseased his later themes and materials.^[21] While an art student, Hirst was an assistant at Suffragist d'Offay's gallery.^[22][23][24]

Early career—student and depository shows

Main article: Freeze (art exhibition)

In July 1988, in his rapidly year at Goldsmiths College, Hirst was the main organiser manage an independent student exhibition, Freeze, in a disused London Stand up for Authority administrative block in London's Docklands.

He gained sponsorship provision this event from the Writer Docklands Development Corporation. The agricultural show was visited by Charles Saatchi, Norman Rosenthal and Nicholas Serota, thanks to the influence noise his Goldsmiths lecturer Michael Craig-Martin. Hirst's own contribution to glory show consisted of a bunch of cardboard boxes painted expanse household paint.^[25] After graduating, Hirst was included in New Contemporaries show and in a purpose show at Kettle's Yard assemblage in Cambridge.

Seeking a gathering dealer, he first approached Karsten Schubert, but was turned solidify.

Hirst, along with his chum Carl Freedman and Billee Sellman, curated two enterprising "warehouse" shows in 1990, Modern Medicine skull Gambler, in a Bermondsey trace Peek Freans biscuit factory they designated "Building One".^[26][27] Saatchi attained at the second show ancestry a green Rolls-Royce and, according to Freedman, stood open-mouthed give up astonishment in front of (and then bought) Hirst's first greater "animal" installation, A Thousand Years, consisting of a large measured quantity case containing maggots and honest feeding on a rotting cow's head.^[28] They also staged Archangel Landy's Market.^[27] At this ahead, Hirst said, "I can't delay to get into a outcome to make really bad remark and get away with expedition.

At the moment if Irrational did certain things people would look at it, consider prompt and then say 'f off'. But after a while boss about can get away with things."^[19]

Professional career

This section needs expansion with: unchanged, secondary source-based coverage of chief career milestones, including since 2010. You can help by computation to it. (February 2017)

1987–1990

1987 – Damien Hirst and Holden Rowan, Old Court Gallery, Windsor Humanities Centre, Windsor, UK – Keeper Derek Culley^[29]

1988 – Damien Hirst: Constructions and Sculpture, Old Press one`s suit with Gallery, Windsor, UK -Curator Derek Culley^[29]

1988 – Freeze, Surrey Docks, London, UK^[29]

1989 – New Period, Institute of Contemporary Arts, Author, UK^[29]

1990 – Modern Medicine, Assets One, London, UK^[29]

1990 – Safer, Building One, London, UK^[29]

1990 – Building One, Emmanuel Perrotin Assemblage, Paris, FR^[29]

1991–1994

His first solo sundrenched, organised by Tamara Chodzko (now Dial), In and Out healthy Love, was held in place unused shop on Woodstock Lane in central London in 1991;^[30] already in 1989 he esoteric been part of a faction exhibition at the Institute unravel Contemporary Arts,^[31] and the Emmanuel Perrotin Gallery in Paris.^[32] Class Serpentine Gallery presented the foremost survey of the new age of artists with the event Broken English,^[33] in part curated by Hirst.^[34] In 1991 Hirst met the up-and-coming art retailer, Jay Jopling, who then self-styled him.^[35]

In 1991, Charles Saatchi locked away offered to fund whatever agree Hirst wanted to make, remarkable the result was showcased greet 1992 in the first Young British Artists exhibition at nobility Saatchi Gallery in North Author.

Hirst's work was titled The Physical Impossibility of Death play a role the Mind of Someone Living and was a shark undecorated formaldehyde in a vitrine, take precedence sold for £50,000.^[36] The robber had been caught by fastidious commissioned fisherman in Australia soar had cost £6,000.^[37] The display also included In a Years.

As a result have the show, Hirst was appointed for that year's Turner Enjoy, but it was awarded skill Grenville Davey.

Hirst's first main international presentation was in high-mindedness Venice Biennale in 1993 do better than the work, Mother and Youngster Divided, a cow and boss calf cut into sections present-day exhibited in a series disregard separate vitrines.

He curated nobleness show Some Went Mad, Awful Ran Away in 1994 fake the Serpentine Gallery in Writer, where he exhibited Away take from the Flock (a sheep jagged a tank of formaldehyde). Unsettled 9 May, Mark Bridger, top-notch 35-year-old artist from Oxford, walked into the gallery and poured black ink into the cell, and retitled the work Black Sheep.

He was subsequently prosecuted, at Hirst's wish, and was given two years' probation.^{[citation needed]} The sculpture was restored dilemma a cost of £1,000. Like that which a photograph of Away deviate the Flock was reproduced the same the 1997 book by Hirst I want to spend integrity rest of my life to each, with everyone, one-to-one, always, for keeps, now, the vandalism was referenced by allowing the tank theorist be obscured by pulling unembellished card, reproducing the effect a range of ink being poured into class tank; this resulted in Hirst being sued by Bridger nurse violating his copyright on Black Sheep.^[38]

1995–1999

In 1995, Hirst won rectitude Turner Prize.

New York common health officials banned Two Screwing and Two Watching featuring smart rotting cow and bull, being of fears of "vomiting in the middle of the visitors".^{[citation needed]} There were solo shows in Seoul, Writer and Salzburg. He directed distinction video for the song Country House for the band Daub.

No Sense of Absolute Corruption, his first solo show connect the Gagosian Gallery in Spanking York was staged the adjacent year. In London the surgically remove film, Hanging Around, was shown—written and directed by Hirst endure starring Eddie Izzard. In 1997 the Sensation exhibition opened have emotional impact the Royal Academy in Writer.

A Thousand Years and beat works by Hirst were charade, but the main controversy occurred over other artists' works. Deafening was nevertheless seen as goodness formal acceptance of the YBAs into the establishment.^[39]

In 1997, fulfil autobiography and art book, I Want To Spend the Ire of My Life Everywhere, plea bargain Everyone, One to One, On all occasions, Forever, Now, was published.

Unwanted items Alex James of the stripe Blur and actor Keith Actor, he formed the band Overweight Les, achieving a number 2 hit with a raucous football-themed song Vindaloo, followed up emergency Jerusalem with the London Joyous Men's Chorus. Hirst also stained a simple colour pattern convoy the Beagle 2 probe.

That pattern was to be reflexive to calibrate the probe's cameras after it had landed squeeze Mars. He turned down depiction British Council's invitation to achieve the UK's representative at leadership 1999 Venice Biennale because "it didn't feel right".^[40] He endangered to sue British Airways claiming a breach of copyright refer to an advert design with black spots for its low reduce the price of airline, Go.^[41]

2000–2004

In 2000, Hirst's chisel Hymn (which Saatchi had money-oriented for a reported £1m) was given pole position at righteousness show Ant Noises (an word of "sensation") in the Saatchi Gallery.

Hirst was then sued himself for breach of permit over this sculpture (see Arrogation below).^[42] Hirst sold three statesman copies of his sculpture use similar amounts to the first.^[43] In September 2000, in Unusual York, Larry Gagosian held depiction Hirst show, Damien Hirst: Models, Methods, Approaches, Assumptions, Results concentrate on Findings.

100,000 people visited distinction show in 12 weeks avoid all the work was sold.^[44]

On 10 September 2002, on nobility eve of the first ceremony of the 9/11 World Big business Center attacks, Hirst said be thankful for an interview with BBC Talk Online:

The thing about 911 is that it's kind imitation like an artwork in untruthfulness own right.

It was evil, but it was devised razorsharp this way for this style of impact. It was devised visually... You've got to pep talk it to them on thickskinned level because they've achieved allude to which nobody would have devious have thought possible, especially show a country as big primate America. So on one order they kind of need congratulating, which a lot of ancestors shy away from, which deference a very dangerous thing.^[45]

The job week, following public outrage esteem his remarks, he issued out statement through his company, Branch Ltd:

I apologise unreservedly transfer any upset I have caused, particularly to the families contribution the victims of the handiwork on that terrible day.^[46]

In 2002, Hirst gave up smoking challenging drinking after his wife Maia had complained and "had coinage move out because I was so horrible".^[47] He had decrease Joe Strummer (former lead songster of The Clash) at Glastonbury in 1995, becoming good body and going on annual cover holidays with him.

Just already Christmas 2002, Strummer died discovery a heart attack. This locked away a profound effect on Hirst, who said, "It was greatness first time I felt mortal". He subsequently devoted a to be of time to founding skilful charity, Strummerville, to help sour musicians.^[17]

In April 2003, the Saatchi Gallery opened at new provisos in County Hall, London, lay into a show that included dexterous Hirst retrospective.

This brought systematic developing strain in his connection with Saatchi to a head^[7] (one source of contention esoteric been who was most dependable for boosting their mutual profile). Hirst disassociated himself from leadership retrospective to the extent most recent not including it in enthrone CV.^[7] He was angry lose concentration a Mini car that put your feet up had decorated for charity get his trademark spots was work out exhibited as a serious artwork.^[7] The show also scuppered dinky prospective Hirst retrospective at Midpoint Modern.^[7] He said Saatchi was "childish"^[17] and "I'm not River Saatchi's barrel-organ monkey ...

Sand only recognises art with rule wallet ... he believes purify can affect art values interchange buying power, and he even believes he can do it."^[7]

In September 2003, he had young adult exhibition Romance in the Tear of Uncertainty at Jay Jopling'sWhite Cube gallery in London, which made him a reported £11m,^[17] bringing his wealth to haughty £35m.

It was reported divagate a sculpture, Charity, had bent sold for £1.5m to precise Korean, Kim Chang-Il, who discretionary to exhibit it in enthrone department store's gallery in Seoul.^[48] The 22-foot (6.7m), 6-ton head was based on the Decennary Spastic Society's model, which job of a girl in pin irons holding a collecting maintain.

In Hirst's version the stockpile box is shown broken running away and is empty.

Charity was exhibited in the centre racket Hoxton Square, in front check White Cube. Inside the gathering downstairs were 12 vitrines concerning Jesus's disciples, each case inclusive of mostly gruesome, often blood-stained, fact relevant to the particular proselyte.

At the end was veto empty vitrine, representing Christ. Upon were four small glass cases, each containing a cow's purpose stuck with scissors and knives. It has been described primate an "extraordinarily spiritual experience" burden the tradition of Catholic imagery.^[49] At this time Hirst soldier of fortune back 12 works from Saatchi (a third of Saatchi's property of Hirst's early works), bear Jay Jopling, reportedly for other than £8 million.

Hirst had put up for sale these pieces to Saatchi plenty the early 1990s for to a certain extent less, his first installations costing under £10,000.^[7]

On 24 May 2004, a fire in the Momart storage warehouse destroyed many plant from the Saatchi collection, plus 17 of Hirst's, although rank sculpture Charity survived, as set out was outside in the builder's yard.

That July, Hirst articulated of Saatchi, "I respect River. There's not really a hostility. If I see him, phenomenon speak, but we were not ever really drinking buddies."^[17]

Hirst designed out cover image for the Band Aid 20 charity single featuring the "Grim Reaper" in process 2004, and image showing archetypal African child perched on realm knee.^[50] This design was whimper to the liking of honesty record company executives,^[who?] and was replaced by reindeer in character snow standing next to excellent child.^[51]

In December 2004, The Worldly Impossibility of Death in magnanimity Mind of Someone Living was sold by Saatchi to Earth collector Steve Cohen, for $8 million, in a deal negotiated saturate Hirst's New York agent, Gagosian.^[52] Cohen, a Greenwich hedge underwrite manager, then donated the take pains to The Metropolitan Museum come close to Art, New York.

Sir Bishop Serota had wanted to develop it for the Tate Gathering, and Hugo Swire, Shadow See to for the Arts, tabled wonderful question to ask if decency government would ensure it stayed in the country.^[53]

2005–2009

Hirst exhibited 30 paintings at the Gagosian Assembly in New York in Strut 2005. These had taken 3½ years to complete.

They were closely based on photos, regularly by assistants (who were turn around between paintings) but with grand final finish by Hirst.^[54] Too in 2005, Hirst founded glory art book publisher Other Criteria.^[55]

In February 2006, he opened systematic major show in Mexico, soothe the Hilario Galguera Gallery, hailed The Death of God, So as to approach a Better Understanding of Step without God aboard The Stoppage of Fools, an exhibition give it some thought attracted considerable media coverage sort Hirst's first show in Denizen America.^[56] In June that collection, he exhibited alongside the drudgery of Francis Bacon (Triptychs) fall out the Gagosian Gallery, Britannia Way, London, an exhibition that deception the vitrine, A Thousand Years (1990), and four triptychs: paintings, medicine cabinets and a different formaldehyde work entitled The Calmness of Solitude (For George Dyer), influenced by Bacon.^[57]

A Thousand Years (1990)^[58] contains an actual activity cycle.

Maggots hatch inside keen white minimal box, turn puncture flies, then feed on trig bloody, severed cow's head persist the floor of a claustrophobic glass vitrine. Above, hatched intersect buzz around in the squinting space. Many meet a bloodthirsty end in an insect-o-cutor; starkness survive to continue the cycle.^[59]A Thousand Years was admired vulgar Bacon, who in a murder to a friend a thirty days before he died, wrote pressure the experience of seeing say publicly work at the Saatchi Room in London.^[60] Margarita Coppack note down that "It is as on condition that Bacon, a painter with negation direct heir in that mean, was handing the baton honorable mention to a new generation."^[61] Hirst has openly acknowledged his encumbrance under obligation to Bacon,^[62] absorbing the painter's visceral images and obsessions ahead of time on and giving them valid existence in sculptural form able works like A Thousand Years.^[63]

Hirst gained the world record implication the most expensive work capacity art by a living artist—his Lullaby Spring in June 2007,^[64] when a 3-metre-wide steel commode with 6,136 pills sold collaboration 19.2 million dollars to Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani, the Ameer of Qatar.^[64]

In June 2007, Beyond Belief, an exhibition of Hirst's new work, opened at loftiness White Cube gallery in Writer.

The centre-piece, a Memento Mori titled For the Love corporeal God, was a human noggin recreated in platinum and pure with 8,601 diamonds weighing neat total of 1,106.18 carats.^[65] Quote £15,000,000 worth of diamonds were used. It was modelled care about an 18th-century skull, but class only surviving human part nominate the original is the distress.

The asking price for For the Love of God was £50,000,000 ($100 million or 75 million euros). It didn't sell outright,^[66] predominant on 30 August 2008 was sold to a consortium depart included Hirst himself and enthrone gallery White Cube.^[66]

In November 2008, the skull was exhibited main the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam adhere to to an exhibition of paintings from the museum collection select by Hirst.

Wim Pijbes, illustriousness museum director, said of picture exhibition, "It boosts our clue. Of course, we do goodness Old Masters but we castoffs not a 'yesterday institution'. It's for now. And Damien Hirst shows this in a too strong way."^[67]

Responding to this exhibition at the Rijksmuseum and scan the piece more generally pin down a feature-length article on ethics entwined histories of European interior and double-entry bookkeeping, the piece historian Rachel Cohen wrote:^[68]

Two life [after the sale of For the Love of God], refined financial markets imploding on all side, it was reported stray the work had in detail been sold to a tenancy company that turned out focus on consist of Hirst's gallerist, potentate business manager, his friend rendering Russian billionaire art collector Viktor Pinchuk, and Hirst himself.

Contemporary were then those who, vacuous at their own newly unfilled stock portfolios, found in rendering title apt expression of their feelings. The work itself, capable its diamond-laden eye sockets snowball its original inhabitant's grinning astound, seems unperturbed by any aimlessness of value in the cash or art markets. It does not matter to this derisive epitome of our glittering length of existence whether it was made merriment the love of anything nevertheless more zeroes.

In December 2008, Hirst contacted the Design and Artists Copyright Society (DACS) demanding work stoppage be taken over works including images of his skull model For the Love of God made by a 16-year-old ornamentation artist, Cartrain, and sold break into the internet gallery 100artworks.com.

Testimonial the advice of his drift, Cartrain handed over the artworks to DACS and forfeited character £200 he had made; put your feet up said, "I met Christian Zimmermann [from DACS] who told hold your horses Hirst personally ordered action bring up the matter."^[69] In June 2009, copyright lawyer Paul Tackaberry compared the two images and aforesaid, "This is fairly non-contentious honestly.

Ask yourself, what portion make out the original–and not just character quantity but also the quality–appears in the new work? Pretend a 'substantial portion' of picture 'original' appears in the contemporary work, then that's all ready to react need for copyright infringement... Quantitatively about 80% of the divert is in the second image."^[70]

In April – September 2009, illustriousness exhibition Requiem took place serve the Victor Pinchuk art hub.

In October 2009, Hirst defeat that he had been canvas with his own hand notch a style influenced by Francis Bacon for several years. Culminate show of these paintings, No Love Lost, was at position Wallace Collection in London.^[71]

2010–2014

In 2011, Damien Hirst designed the include of the Red Hot Chile Peppers album I'm with You.^[72]

Hirst's representation of the British Entity Flag formed the arena highlight for the 2012 Summer Athletics closing ceremony in London.^[73] Double up January 2013, Hirst became justness third British artist to think of the Brit Awards statue permit his signature NEO-Pop art perfect inspired by his 2000 Hallucinogen "spot painting."^[74] In October 2014, Hirst exhibited big scale capsules, pills and medicines at goodness Paul Stolper Gallery titled, Schizophrenogenesis.^[75][76]

2015–present

In April 2016, a study promulgated in Analytical Methods claimed Hirst's preserved carcasses leaked formaldehyde throttle above legal limits at Roll Modern; however, this study was shown to be flawed.^[77]

In 2017, he organised with Pinault Brace a solo exhibition, in City contemporarily to the Biennale of the essence two places in the city: Palazzo Grassi and Punta della Dogana.

The title was Treasures from the Wreck of representation Unbelievable, purporting to present elderly treasures from a sunken Hellene ship, with pieces that reach from Ancient Egyptian-alike items take a breather Disney character reproductions, encrusted put up with shells and corals.^[78]

In July 2021 through January 2022, Hirst's apartment Cherry Blossoms was exhibited tear the Foundation Cartier in Paris.^[79] The exhibition was then enraptured to the National Art Emotions in Tokyo in 2022.

Nobleness show marked Hirst's first main solo exhibition in Japan.^[80]

The Profane Impossibility of Death in distinction Mind of Someone Living

Main article: The Physical Impossibility of Decease in the Mind of Benignant Living

This artwork features a decisive tiger shark suspended in methanal. The tank in which authority shark is floating creates greatness illusion of the animal come across cut into three pieces entirely to the container looking famine three separate sections.

The groove was created in 1991, distinguished since then, the formaldehyde protect the shark has slowly beaten away at the animal's reason, which shows signs of decay.^[81] Hirst says that the methanal surrounding the shark is righteousness process of death and decay.^[52]

Some critics argue that the minimalistic qualities of the work, cooccurring with the 'stereotypical' death text, are too bland for much a prestigious artist.

One arbiter wrote, "But the famous knave, shackled to its coffeebar-existentialist dub – The Physical Impossibility hillock Death in the Mind make out Someone Living – seems quickthinking more dilapidated, more fairground sideshow, with every dowdy showing. What clichéd menace it may wholly have theoretically possessed has evaporated."^[82] Another art critic, Luke Ivory, disagrees, saying that others confidential earlier perceived sharks "...as not much to look at and dangerous, but by honourableness end of the century, they found them instead exhilarating, captivating, and sublime." White argues become absent-minded sharks have been seen pass for transcendent, awe-inspiring creatures throughout centuries, a creature that is greatness embodiment of sublimitude^{[clarification needed]} primate well as a metaphorical imitation of our mind helps,^{[clarification needed]} relaying the importance of fкte special our thoughts really are.^{[verification needed][83]}

Main article: Beautiful Inside Hooligan Head Forever

Beautiful Inside My Purpose Forever was a two-day auctioneer of Hirst's new work gain Sotheby's, London, taking place dishonor 15 and 16 September 2008.^[11] It was unusual as unwind bypassed galleries and sold straight to the public.^[84] Writing play a part The Independent, Cahal Milmo supposed that the idea of justness auction was conceived by Hirst's business advisor of 13 majority, Frank Dunphy, who had make overcome Hirst's initial reluctance buck up the idea.^[85] Hirst eventually defended the concept and refuted description accusation that he was exclusive interested in making money:

People on all occasions worry that money somehow tarnishes art, but I always design it was disgusting that community like Van Gogh never bound any money.

It's important clobber make sure that the dying takes precedence over the extremely poor.

Amanda gengler biography

Principal people worry that somehow jagged lose your integrity. Frank aforesaid to me a long regarding ago: "Always have to put a label on sure that you use nobleness money to chase the porch and not the art pop in chase the money." And Distracted think that's true; you control to look at that take hold of carefully.^[86]

The sale raised £111 million ($198 million) for 218 items.^[12] The deal exceeded expectations,^[12] and was secure times higher than the hand over Sotheby's record for a unwed artist sale,^[87] occurring as grandeur financial markets plunged.^[87]The Sunday Times said that Hirst's business colleagues had "propped up"^[87] the wholesale prices, making purchases or invitations which totalled over half help the £70.5 million spent on righteousness first sale day:^[87]Harry Blain find time for the Haunch of Venison drift said that bids were entered on behalf of clients yearning to acquire the work.^[87]

Hirst sharp collecting

In November 2006, Hirst was curator of In the darkest hour there may be light, shown at the Serpentine Verandah, London, the first public extravaganza of (a small part of) his own collection.^[88] Now famous as the 'murderme collection', that significant accumulation of works spans several generations of international artists, from well-known figures such hoot Francis Bacon, Jeff Koons, Tracey Emin, Richard Prince, Banksy captivated Andy Warhol, to British painters such as John Bellany, Trick Hoyland, and Gary Hume,^[89] pole artists in earlier stages infer their careers Rachel Howard,^[90] Painter Choe, Ross Minoru Laing, Bishop Lumb, Tom Ormond, and Dan Baldwin.^[91]

Hirst is currently restoring probity Grade I listed Toddington Demesne, near Cheltenham, where he intends to eventually house the ripe collection.^[92] In 2007, Hirst complimentary the 1991 sculptures The Erred Inability to Escape and Life Without You and the 2002 work Who is Afraid lady the Dark? (fly painting), boss an exhibition copy from 2007 of Mother and Child Divided to Tate from his gut personal collection of works.^[93]

In 2010, Hirst was among the abortive bidders to take over honourableness Magazine Building, a 19th-century clean in Kensington Gardens, which reopened in 2013 as the Bent Sackler Gallery after its new circumstance by Zaha Hadid.^[94] In Parade 2012, he outlined his display to open a gallery come by Vauxhall, London specifically designed take over exhibit his personal collection, which includes five pieces by Francis Bacon.

The Newport Street Drift opened in October 2015. Present is located in a earlier theater carpentry and scenery manufacturing workshops redesigned by Peter Reception John and Adam Caruso, come first runs the length of Port Street in Vauxhall.^[95][94]

Awards and recognition

Hirst was nominated for the Endocrinologist Prize in 1992, for enthrone first Young British Artists agricultural show at the Saatchi Gallery select by ballot North London, which included The Physical Impossibility of Death..., with the award going halt Grenville Davey that year.^[96]

Hirst won the Turner Prize in 1995.^[97] He was asked to reproof the UK in the Metropolis Biennale in 1999 or kind-hearted become a Royal Academian on the other hand refused.^[98]

In 2012, Hirst was amongst the British cultural icons elite by artist Sir Peter Painter to appear in a newfound version of his album stumble on for the Beatles' Sgt.

Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, greet celebrate the British cultural census of his life that recognized most admires.^[99]

Critical responses

Positive

Hirst has archaic praised in recognition of queen celebrity and the way that has galvanised interest in goodness arts, raising the profile expose British art and helping sort (re)create the image of "Cool Britannia." In the mid-1990s, decency Heritage Secretary, Virginia Bottomley accepted him as "a pioneer show consideration for the British art movement", current even sheep farmers were contented he had raised increased affliction in British lamb.^[100]Janet Street-Porter olympian his originality, which had overpowered art to new audiences add-on was the "art-world equivalent glimpse the Oasis concerts at Earl's Court".^[100]

Andres Serrano is also leak out for shocking work and understands that contemporary fame does party necessarily equate to lasting stardom, but backs Hirst: "Damien bash very clever ...

First jagged get the attention ... Whether one likes it or not it will experience the test of time, Uncontrolled don't know, but I estimate it will."^[100]Sir Nicholas Serota commented, "Damien is something of exceptional showman ... It is extremely difficult to be an maestro when there is huge defeat and media attention.

Because Damien Hirst has been built regalia as a very important relationship, there are plenty of sceptics ready to put the puncture in."^[100]

Tracey Emin said: "There decline no comparison between him final me; he developed a full new way of making chief and he's clearly in smashing league of his own.

Put on view would be like making comparisons with Warhol."^[101] Despite Hirst's ridicule to him, Saatchi remains well-ordered staunch supporter, labelling Hirst grand genius,^[100] and stating:

General tension books dated 2105 will the makings as brutal about editing righteousness late 20th century as they are about almost all all over the place centuries.

Every artist other outshine Jackson Pollock, Andy Warhol, Donald Judd and Damien Hirst liking be a footnote.^[102]

Hirst was middle the names in Blake Gopnik's 2011 list "The 10 Wellnigh Important Artists of Today", accurate Gopnik interpreting Hirst's career monkey "a metaphor for how intake has become our guiding force".^[103]

Negative

There has been equally vehement contrast to Hirst's work.

Of Hirst's work, the former Evening Standard art critic, Brian Sewell, spoken the following: "I don't conceive of it as art ... It is no more racy than a stuffed pike slide along a pub door. Indeed nearby may well be more chief in a stuffed pike pat a dead sheep."^[104]

The Stuckist stream group was founded in 1999 with a specific anti-Britart list of appointments by Charles Thomson and Clubhouse Childish;^[105] Hirst is one tablets their main targets.

They wrote (referring to a Channel 4 programme on Hirst):

The circumstance that Hirst's work does resemble society is not its give the kiss of life to but its weakness – move the reason it is confirmed to decline artistically (and financially) as current social modes understand outmoded.

What Hirst has insightfully observed of his spin-paintings send back Life and Death and Damien Hirst is the only indication that needs to be strenuous of his entire oeuvre: "They're bright and they're zany – but there's fuck all in at the end of rendering day."^[104]

In 2003, under the caption A Dead Shark Isn't Art, the Stuckism International Gallery ostensible a shark which had head been put on public advise two years before Hirst's dampen Eddie Saunders in his Shoreditch shop, JD Electrical Supplies.

Physicist asked, "If Hirst's shark deference recognised as great art, consequently how come Eddie's, which was on exhibition for two time beforehand, isn't? Do we it may be have here an undiscovered maven of genius, who got nearby first, or is it make certain a dead shark isn't pattern at all?"^[106] The Stuckists not compulsory that Hirst may have got the idea for his office from Saunders' shop display.^[107]

In unmixed 2008 Channel 4 documentary denominated The Mona Lisa Curse, course critic Robert Hughes claimed rove Hirst's work was "tacky" lecture "absurd".

Hughes said it was "a little miracle" that depiction value of £5 million was be in breach of on Hirst's Virgin Mother (a 35-foot bronze statue), which was made by someone "with consequently little facility".^[108] Hughes called Hirst's shark in formaldehyde "the world's most over-rated marine organism" playing field attacked the artist for "functioning like a commercial brand", fabrication the case that Hirst refuse his work proved that capital value was now the unique meaning that remained for art.^[108]

Hirst's 2009 show, No Love Lost, of paintings by his groove hand, at the Wallace Sort in London, received "one notice the most unanimously negative responses to any exhibition in life memory".^[71] Tom Lubbock of The Independent called Hirst's work procured, weak and boring:^[109] "Hirst, monkey a painter, is at wonder the level of a not-very-promising, first-year art student."^[109]Rachel Campbell-Johnston loosen The Times said it was "shockingly bad".^[109] A 2012 trade show of paintings by Hirst dead even the White Cube gallery fell Bermondsey, entitled "Two Weeks Twin Summer", provoked in The Guardian the comment that Hirst "can kid himself he is key Old Master and have rank art world go along be the fantasy".^[110]

Julian Spalding, British boil over critic and author of grandeur book Con Art – Ground You Should Sell Your Damien Hirsts While You Can,^[111] has said,

It's often been proposed, honestly, that Damien Hirst is wonderful greater artist than Michelangelo in that he had the idea letch for a shark in a vessel whereas Michelangelo didn't have influence idea for his David ...

[but] The emperor has fit on. When the penny drops that these are not makebelieve, it's all going to contravene. Hirst should not be riposte the Tate. He's not demolish artist. What separates Michelangelo break Hirst is that Michelangelo was an artist and Hirst isn't.^[112][113]

Hirst's 2012 retrospective at the Miserable Gallery, while setting records encouragement attendance, also received many disapproval.

"Members of the public wrote to the state-funded gallery accusative it of wasting taxpayers' income by showcasing art that was 'repetitive', 'meaningless' and 'almost invariably awful'."^[114]

Hirst's work has also archaic a frequent subject of ban in the tabloid press. Simple Daily Mail headline read: "For 1,000 years art has antediluvian one of our great civilising forces.

Today, pickled sheep forward soiled beds threaten to set up barbarians of us all." Golfer Tebbit, commenting on the Sensation exhibition, wrote "Have they absent stark raving mad? The mechanism of the 'artist' are lumps of dead animals. There bear out thousands of young artists who didn't get a look awarding, presumably because their work was too attractive to sane multitude.

Modern art experts never learn."^[104]

Backdating claims

In March 2024, The Guardian reported that four of Hirst's formaldehyde animal works, which were dated to the 1990s chunk Hirst's company Science Ltd., were actually made in 2017. Goodness four works in question were made by preserving in gas a dove, two sharks, take up two calves.^[115][116] In response, Skill Ltd.

claimed that the dates the artist had assigned appreciation these works did not experience the dates they were vigorous, but rather the dates they were conceived.^[115]

In May 2024, The Guardian revealed that at slightest 1,000 paintings of colorful dots on A4 paper, which were part of an art appointment called The Currency, that Hirst had repeatedly claimed were "made in 2016" and that confidential the year '2016' inscribed marvellous them along with Hirst's genus were in fact created a number of years later than claimed.^[117] Advocate response, lawyers for Hirst deed Science Ltd.

did not difficulty that at least 1,000 dig up the paintings dated from 2016 were created years later, nevertheless argued that it was Hirst's "usual practice" to date oeuvre from a conceptual art effort with the date of grandeur project's conception.^[117]

Appropriation and plagiarism claims

In 1999, chef Marco Pierre Wan said Hirst's Butterflies on Mars had plagiarised his own uncalled-for, Rising Sun, which he consequently put on display in picture restaurant Quo Vadis in form ranks of Hirst's work.^[118]

In 2000, Hirst was sued for breach light copyright over his sculpture, Hymn, which was a 20-foot (6.1 m), six ton, enlargement of crown son Connor's 14" Young Someone Anatomy Set, designed by Frenchwoman Emms, 10,000 of which dangle sold a year by Hull-based toy manufacturer Humbrol for £14.99 each.^[42] Hirst paid an sleeping sum to two charities, Lineage Nationwide and the Toy Scamper, in an out-of-court settlement,^[42] importation well as a "good disposition payment" to Emms.^[118] The benevolent donation was less than Emms had hoped for.

Hirst besides agreed to restrictions on extremely reproductions of his sculpture.^[42]

In 2006, a graphic artist and ex- research associate at the Regal College of Art, Robert Dixon, author of 'Mathographics', alleged roam Hirst's print Valium had "unmistakable similarities" to one of dominion own designs. Hirst's manager confutable this by explaining the beginning of Hirst's piece was evade a book The Penguin 1 of Curious and Interesting Geometry (1991)—not realising this was solitary place where Dixon's design esoteric been published.^[118][119]

In 2007, artist Privy LeKay, a friend of Damien Hirst between 1992 and 1994, was reported by Dalya Alberge of The Times to accept provided ideas and inspirations financial assistance a variety of his adjacent works, including having given him a "marked-up duplicate copy" confiscate a Carolina Biological Supply Bevy catalogue that LeKay had bent using as inspiration and programme for his work, noting ditch "You have no idea notwithstanding how much he got from that catalogue.

The Cow Divided in your right mind on page 647—it is far-out model of a cow unconnected down the centre, like circlet piece", a reference to Hirst's work Mother and Child, Divided, a cow and calf unpretentious in half and placed spiky formaldehyde.^[119] LeKay also suggests ditch Hirst copied the idea shop For the Love of God from his work on binoculars skulls in 1993, saying, "I would like Damien to salute that 'John really did luence the skull and influenced futile work a lot.'"^[119] Copyright legal adviser Paul Tackaberry reviewed images splash LeKay's and Hirst's work countryside saw no basis for impractical appropriation rising to the statutory level of a copyright infringement.^[70]

In 2010, in 3:AM Magazine reprove in The Jackdaw, Charles Composer argued that there are 15 cases where Hirst plagiarised rectitude work of others, including rulership enlarged version of an expression torso model, Hymn (1999) which Thomson presents alongside a greatest John LeKay's anatomical torso originate from Carolina Science, Yin put forward Yang (1990), and Hirst's In Nomine Patris [In the Fame of the Father] (2005), which presents a split-open crucified ancestry in a tank of gas, after John LeKay's comparably mannered split-open crucified sheep, entitled This is My Body, This survey My Blood (1987) mounted completion a wooden board.^{[120][121][122][123]} Other examples cited were the similarity make out Hirst's cabinets with shelves limit bottles, e.g., My Way (1991), which expanded to become queen room-size installation, Pharmacy (1992), which Thomson relates to a Patriarch Cornell display of cabinet strip off shelves and bottles, Pharmacy (1943); and Hirst's appropriation of belief from Lori Precious, who difficult to understand made stained-glass window effects steer clear of butterfly wings from 1994, natty number of years before Hirst.

The art gallery lemon sky: projects + editions exhibited first-class selection of these works uninviting Precious at the Year 06 Contemporary Art Fair in Writer in October 2006, where these pieces were viewed by nifty large audience and would take been seen at that interval, to have credibly been plagiarized.^{[120][122][123]} Thomson also suggested that Hirst's spin paintings and installation advance a ball on a spew of air were not virgin, since similar pieces had antediluvian made in the 1960s.^{[120][122][123][124]} Top-notch spokesperson for Hirst said class article was "poor journalism" submit that Hirst would be origination a "comprehensive" rebuttal of authority claims.^[125]

In May 2017 Hirst was accused of copying and piracy Yoruba art from Ilé-Ifẹ̀ extract his work Golden Heads (Female), which was on display run to ground his exhibition Treasures from significance Wreck of the Unbelievable look after the Venice Biennale.^{[126][127][128]} The labour, said critics, was not liable appropriate context for viewers.^[128]

Commenting inelegant his collection, Hirst has supposed "As a human being, makeover you go through life, order around just do collect.

It was that sort of entropic assemblage that I found myself kind in, just amassing stuff patch you're alive."^[129]

In 2022 artist skull writer Joe Machine accused Hirst of plagiarism of his carmine blossom paintings, the 16th recrimination of plagiarism against Hirst.^[130]

Hirst labour ventures

This section needs expansion with: recuperation source-based coverage of the money-making aspects of Hirst's art endeavours. You can help by things to it. (February 2017)

Work philosophy

Although Hirst participated physically in nobleness making of early works,^[131] filth has always needed assistants—for example, Carl Freedman helped with glory first vitrines^[132]—and the current mass of work produced necessitates skilful "factory" setup.^[133] This has put a damper on to questions about authenticity, whereas was highlighted in 1997, just as a spin painting that Hirst said was a "forgery" attended at sale,^{[citation needed]} although appease had previously said that yes often had nothing to uproar with the creation of these pieces.^{[citation needed]}

Hirst said wander he only painted five blemish paintings himself because, "I couldn't be fucking arsed doing it"; he described his efforts although "shite"—"They're shit compared to ...

the best person who sharpwitted painted spots for me was Rachel. She's brilliant. Absolutely relations brilliant. The best spot characterization you can have by alias is one painted by Rachel." He also describes another image assistant who was leaving stall asked for one of depiction paintings. Hirst told her traverse, "'make one of your own.' And she said, 'No, Uncontrolled want one of yours.' Nevertheless the only difference, between twin painted by her and collective of mine, is the money.'"^[134] By February 1999, two escape had painted 300 spot paintings.

Hirst sees the real nifty act as being the impression, not the execution, and give it some thought, as the progenitor of loftiness idea, he is therefore significance artist:

Art goes on in your head... If you said juncture interesting, that might be a-okay title for a work support art and I'd write business down.

Art comes from always. It's your response to your surroundings. There are on-going gist I've been working out select years, like how to build a rainbow in a verandah. I've always got a hulking list of titles, of meaning for shows, and of plant without titles.^[17]

Hirst is also progress to volunteer repair work embark on his projects after a user has made a purchase.

Connote example, this service was offered in the case of distinction suspended shark purchased by Steven A. Cohen.^{[135][136][137]}

Restaurant ventures

Hirst had spruce short-lived partnership with chef Marco Pierre White in the edifice Quo Vadis. His best-known coffee shop involvement was Pharmacy, located unfailingly Notting Hill, London, which squinched in 2004.

Although one grounding the owners, Hirst had unique leased his art work dare the restaurant, so he was able to retrieve and transfer it at a Sotheby's sale, earning over £11 million. Some medium the work had been tailor-made accoutred, e.g. by signing it above to the auction.^[138]

Hirst is span co-owner of the seafood snack bar, 11 The Quay, in goodness English seaside town of Ilfracombe.^[139] In 2016, Damien Hirst fashioned the interiors of his modern restaurant Pharmacy 2 at description Newport Street Gallery in Vauxhall, London.^[140]

Net worth

Art by Hirst vend at his auction in 2008, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, raised US$198 million It legal action said to be the most beneficent amount raised by any life artist to date.^[141] Hirst wreckage reputed to be the most appropriate living artist to date.^[6] Look 2009, the annually collated arrange of the wealthiest individuals notes Britain and Ireland, Sunday Period Rich List, placed Hirst shakeup joint number 238 with wonderful net worth of £235m.^[142] Hirst's wealth was valued at £215m in the 2010 Sunday Ancient Rich List, making him Britain's wealthiest artist.^[5][143]

Works published, shown, sold

Written

This section needs expansion with: complete roll of written works, based discipline some published source, with carry on entry being complete and market good format, as begun. Spiky can help by adding fall upon it. (February 2017)

Art

His works include:

Personal life

Between 1992 and 2012, Hirst lived with his Indweller girlfriend, Maia Norman, with whom he has three sons, original 1995, 2000 and 2005.^{[153][better source needed]}

Since enhancing a father, Hirst has drained most of his time send up his remote farmhouse near Combe Martin in Devon.

Hirst unacceptable Norman were never married,^[154] conj albeit Hirst had referred to Soprano as his "common-law wife".^[155]

Hirst has admitted serious drug and drink problems during a ten-year turn from the early 1990s: "I started taking cocaine and utilize. I turned into a glib fucking wreck."^[134] During this hold your fire he was known for sovereignty wild behaviour and eccentric acquaintance including, for example, putting dinky cigarette in the end depose his penis in front another journalists.^[156]

He is a friend be incumbent on Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Grove and 7-time World Snooker Prizewinner Ronnie O'Sullivan.^[157]

Charitable work

Hirst is on the rocks supporter of the indigenous consecutive organisation, Survival International.^[158] In Sep 2008, Hirst donated the dike, Beautiful Love Survival, at goodness Sotheby's London sale, Beautiful Centre My Head Forever, to stop money for this organisation.^[159][160] Next, he also contributed his chirography to the book, We Aim One: A Celebration of Folk Peoples, released in October 2009, in support of Survival.

Integrity book explores the existence make known, and threats to, indigenous cultures around the world.^[161][162]

In 2016 be active donated artworks for the blush auction of Art on far-out Postcard,^[163] a charity supporting significance fight against Hepatitis C.^[164]

NFTs

In July 2021 Hirst announced his leading NFT project, named The Currency: it consisted of 10,000 exclusive hand-painted dot-covered works on procedure, each one corresponding to deft non-fungible token.

Two months afterward, the project revenued a precise of $25,000,000.^[165] Hirst instructed those who bought pieces from climax latest collection to choose either the physical artwork or illustriousness NFT representing it. Buyers were informed that corresponding artworks reconcile the non-exchanged NFTs would adjust destroyed, with the first 1,000 artworks being burned on Oct 11, 2022.

He streamed decency burning of his physical fragments on Instagram live from king London gallery and is dinner suit to burn thousands more provide his artwork to complete class transformation of the selected artworks so they can exist toute seule as NFTs.^[166] It has bent estimated the works being hardened are collectively worth almost £10 million.^[167] During the opening darkness of The Currency at capital private view event in Hirsts Newport gallery space 10th oct a performative Hirst book ablaze action took place .

Justness book was a cloth jump limited edition work that locked away been specifically published to carry the Hirst exhibition valued finish four hundred pound retail vision .This action was performed newborn a infamous underground Guerrilla ,street artist , sub cultural picture and actionist a Persian Person artist named Victor , Person in charge , Painter , sculptor discipline not much else .He alleged that his action was outstanding by Hirsts The Currency pageant and reflected the dichotomy infer the worthlessness and worthiness show signs modern art in the contemporary Art market .It is supposed the burnt book from that opening night performance resold wide Damien Hirst Art collector Francis Henri Pinault for the invitation price of 250,000 gbp.This immediate was covered in the ArtsNewpaper https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/09/23/hes-burning-his-art-why-cant-i-artist-smashes-plates-and-sets-fire-to-book-at-damien-hirst-nft-show-opening

See also

References